Population Basics
What is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in one year called?
Crude birth rate (CBR).
Which population pyramid has a broad base and narrow top?
Expansive pyramid.
What is the term for a specialised segment of the travel industry that targets specific groups, hobbies, or passions rather than the general public ?
Niche Tourism.
What term describes how easily people can reach a destination or service?
Accessibility.
What does TFR stand for?
Total fertility rate.
Natural increase (or natural decrease).
What is the difference between birth rate and death rate called?
Which DTM stage has falling birth rates and low death rates?
Stage 3.
Differentiate between Primary and Secondary tourist resources
Primary - natural or human made - not meant for tourism
Secondary - Human made - meant for tourism
Explain the term Tourism Carrying Capacity
Tourism carrying capacity is the maximum number of people who can visit a tourist destination at the same time without causing permanent damage to the physical, economic, or socio-cultural environment, or severely lowering visitor and resident satisfaction
Which measure compares the population aged 65+ with the working-age population?
Old-age dependency ratio.
A country has a birth rate of 24‰ and death rate of 9‰. Calculate its natural increase as a percentage.
1.5% (15 per 1,000).
Give two challenges faced by countries with ageing populations.
Pension costs, healthcare demand, labour shortages, rising dependency ratios.
Explain the multiplier effect in tourism.
Tourist spending circulates through the local economy, generating additional income and employment.
Explain how improvements in transport infrastructure can increase tourism.
Reduced journey times and costs, improved connectivity and accessibility, and increased visitor arrivals.
A destination receives two million tourists annually. What additional information would you need to determine whether it experiences overtourism?
Carrying capacity, seasonality, spatial distribution, infrastructure pressure, environmental impacts and residents' perceptions.
What is the dependency ratio? Name its two broad dependent groups.
Ratio of dependants to working-age population. Children and older people.
A government introduces tax benefits and paid parental leave to encourage families to have children. Identify the policy.
Pro-natalist policy.
What is tourism leakage? Give one reason why it occurs.
Tourism revenue leaving the destination economy, e.g. through foreign ownership, imported goods or repatriated profits.
A remote destination develops a new airport. Explain two positive and two negative impacts.
Positives: jobs, income, accessibility. Negatives: pollution, habitat destruction, congestion, pressure on resources.
A destination's visitor numbers are increasing, but residents report rising rents, congestion and water shortages. Why might tourism growth not be sustainable?
Social and environmental costs may outweigh economic benefits; resource pressure and unequal distribution of benefits may undermine long-term sustainability.
Why can a country continue experiencing population growth even after its fertility rate falls to replacement level?
Population momentum: a large younger population enters reproductive age, keeping births relatively high.
Why might the same population policy have different levels of success in two countries?
Differences in culture, economics, gender equality, childcare, housing costs, funding and implementation.
A coastal destination experiences rapid growth in visitor numbers and hotel construction. Using Butler's model, identify a possible stage and explain your answer.
Development stage: rapid growth in visitor numbers and tourism facilities. Consolidation may also be defensible if tourism is already a major economic activity.
Suggest two transport strategies a city could use to reduce the environmental impacts of tourism-related travel.
Improved public transport, cycling infrastructure, pedestrian routes, integrated ticketing or low-emission transport. Explain how they reduce emissions or congestion.
Explain two opportunities and two challenges that an ageing population could create for a country's tourism industry.
Opportunities: senior tourism, accessible holidays, off-season travel. Challenges: labour shortages, changing demand, accessibility requirements and pressure on public spending.