Churches
This was the biblical and historical issue that, interpreted in a particular way, allowed the Catholics to arrogate to themselves universal ecclesial authority.
What is Petrine priority, or the idea that Peter, as the first bishop of Rome, passed down authority in the church to the succeeding holders of that position?
In response to the Latinophrones, Byzantines like John Beccos (1275-1282) tried to replace the idea of the Spirit's procession "...and from the son" (filioque) with this different prepositional phrase.
What is "through the Son"?
In the East, many cities could legitimately claim apostolic origins for their churches (citing Peter, Paul, John, Andrew, and other Apostles). In the West, only this one city really could.
What is Roma?
Who was Origen of Alexandria?
In Chapters 14 and 15 of this biblical book, different parties could find evidence to argue in favor of the filioque (15:26) or against it (14:16).
What is the Gospel according to John?
This, one of the "Latin heresies" with which Michael Cerularius charged Catholics, is highly questionable given presentation of the Last Supper in the Gospels.
What is the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist?
The filioque controversy concerned where -- actually, whom -- this person came from.
Who is the Holy Spirit?
These are the tree churches to which the Council of Nicaea, in Canon 6, affords particular prestige and preeminence.
What are Alexandria, Antioch, and Rome?
He was the first Byzantine patriarch to respond to the filioque issue (in an encyclical of 866).
Who was Photius?
This general issue was of massive importance in Western/Catholic ecclesial self-understanding, but held less centrality in the Eastern/Orthodox Church.
What is apostolocity?
The 5th-century Christological controversies provoked a break between Byzantine Christianity (the Greek Orthodox Church) and these other eastern Christian churches (there are three).
What are Syriac Orthodox (Church of the East), Coptic Orthodox (i.e. Egyptian), and Armenian Orthodox?
He read Bible verses used to justify the filioque to mean that "the Spirit proceeds through the Son, expressing thus the unity of [divine] nature," not that "the Son is the origin of the Spirit."
Who was Maximus the Confessor?
The first Byzantine encyclical responding to the filioque was written in immediate response to missionaries from this country spreading the idea in this other country.
What are France (Frankish/Carolingian missionaries)
and Bulgaria?
This Patriarch of Constantinople was the recipient of a very unfriendly papal bull of excommunication in 1054.
Who was Michael Cerularius?
This is one of two New Testament verses used by Catholics to justify the idea that the Holy Spirit came "from the Son" (i.e. from Jesus) too.
What are John 20:22 ("He breathed on them and said: Receive the Holy Spirit") and Romans 8:9 ("You are not in the flesh ... if the spirit of God dwells in you. But if anyone does not have the spirit of Christ, ...")?
According to the Papal Bull of Excommunication (1054), the Orthodox Michael Cerularius claimed to be this, an apparent rival to the Pope.
What is ecumenical patriarch?
This is the title given to Photius' detailed theological refutation of the "double process," meant to celebrate "the final victory of Orthodoxy."
What is Mystagogy?
Eventually, in 1431-1445, a major "ecumenical" council was held in this city to try and bring Eastern and Western churches together. ... Didn't work.
What is Florence?
Greeks and Catholics argued about the filioque by citing the Church Fathers. Particularly often-cited were these three 4th/5th-century Greek authors.
Who were Athanasius of Alexandria, Cyril of Alexandria, and Epiphanius of Cyprus?
What is baptizing?
The encyclical of 867 criticized, among other things, these three liturgical and canonical practices introduced by Frankish missionaries in Bulgaria (name two).
What are opposition to a married priesthood, confirmation restricted to bishops, and fasting on Saturdays?
This issue, which was given a long clause in the 13th-century Unionist Profession of Faith, was something on which the Greeks and Catholics agreed but disagreed, having to do with the departed.
What is purgatory or purification after death?
According to the Papal Bull of Excommunication (1054), Michael and his associates are to be "anathema" with a bunch historical heretics –– nay, with this figure himself.
Who is the devil (and his angels)?
DAILY DOUBLE: There were two Pope Leos who loved bulls. The referents of this riddle are these?
What are the Papal Bull of Excommunication in 1054 (Leo IX) and the Chicago Bulls, the hometown team of the current Pope Leo XIV?
In the 1054 Papal Bull of Excommunication, it becomes clear that the Catholics could not get over the fact that the Greeks allowed this, like the "Nicolaitists."
What is the marriage of the clergy?