Causes and conflicts
When did Austria-Hungary annex Bosnia?
1908
When and where did they assassinate Francis Ferdinand?
Sarajevo (Bosnia), 1914 June 28th
other jobs, men are at the front, different families, feminist movements
What happened during the Kerensky offensive?
devastating defeat for the Russians
Where and when did they sign the armistice?
•3rd November 1918: armistice at Padua
Which two empires wanted to expand their territories on the Balkans?
Austria-Hungary, Russia
What was the war plan of Germany?
Schlieffen plan, Blitzkrieg - crush France, avoid two front war, AH will keep up Russia
How did propaganda work during WWI:
buying war bonds, making the other look inhumane and barbaric
recruiting troops
Who was Rasputin?
illiterate Siberian peasant, spiritual leader, "healed" the tsarevich, had in influence over the Romanovs
What was the K.u.K army?
common army of AH
What do we mean by Pan-Slavism?
a nationalist movement to unite all Slavic peoples, encouraged the Serbs, Bosnians, Slovenes, and Croats to seek a single kingdom
What happened during the Battle of Ypres?
gas, chlorin (later mustard gas)
Who was Mustafa Kemal?
§nationalist troops challenged the Treaty from 1920 (Turkish War of Independence)
§ Finally, in 1923 the Treaty was revised in Lausanne; Turkey achieved to regain some of its territories (based on ethnicity)
List the revolutionary parties:
§Anarchists
§ Social Revolutionaries (the SR’s) appealed to the peasantry
§ Social Democrats (the SD’s) appealed to the industrial workers
Ø Mensheviks („minority”)
Ø Bolsheviks („majority”) – 1912 formed their own party.
What were the concerns of István Tisza?
Øpossible Romanian attack
Ødisintegration of the Monarchy
ØTrialism (equal Croatia)
List the alliances before WWI:
Triple Alliance: Austria-Hungary, Italy, Germany
Triple Entente: Russia, UK, France
Why did the US enter the war?
1. Sinking of Lusitania
2. Zimmermann telegram
real reason: economic interest
What was the proposal of Woodrow Wilson?
14 points, a liberal and democratic proposal
self-determination, people of a country should decide for themselves under what government they wish to live
Alsace Lorraine returned to France
League of Nations
Who was Lenin?
(Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov)
§ A revolutionary Marxist
§ Leader of the Bolshevik Party
§ He returned from exile after a decade
§ He introduced the idea of permanent revolution
Ø He said that the February Revolution was a bourgeoise rev.
Ø He wanted the revolution of the proletariat instead
(Lenin did not want to share power
What happened during the Serbian campaign?
•1914: unsuccessful attacks
•1915: German help + Bulgaria joined the war
•Serbia and Montenegro (partly Albania) were occupied by the Monarchy and Bulgaria
•Later Entente troops launched attacks from Greece forcing the Monarchy to sign the ceasefire
Detail the causes that led to WWI!
Militarism, alliances, conflicts over the colonies and the Balkans (nationalism, imperialism)
Why did Germany lose WWI?
- blitzkrieg fail, trench warfare, Russia mobilizing faster
- blockade on the seas (lacking supplies)
- US entering the war
What was in the treaty that they made with Germany?
§Territorial losses:
Ø Alsace-Lorraine
Øthe Polish Corridor
vstrip of land that cut off East Prussia from the rest of Germany
vgave Poland access to the Baltic Sea
Ø Lost all the colonies
§ military restrictions
Ø the size of the army and technology were limited
Ø the Rhineland became a demilitarised region
§ Germany was obliged to pay reparations to the Allies and it was declared that Germany was responsible for starting WWI.
How did the Bolsheviks take over?
§ 25th October (7th November) → red guards of the Bolsheviks occupied the strategic points of Petrograd and took control over the city
§ successful coup (without major encounter!!!)
§ 26th October (8th November) → Lenin announced the transition of power to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets
§ 3 decrees
Ø decree on peace → demanded armistice (Brest-Litovsk)
Ø decree on land → took all the private property and had given it to the village communities → pacified peasants
Ø decree on government → organised the Council of Commissars (Népbiztosok Tanácsa)
What happened on the home front?
•Inflation, shortages
•War economy was introduced
Ømaximum prices were set
Ørationing
Ønew taxes
Øwar loan (bond) ↔ never paid back
•Social discontent
Ødemonstrations
Østrikes
Øcensorship
•The political opposition became stronger