Glossary Terms
This naval vessel was key to the Greek victories during the Persian Wars.
trireme
Former tyrant of Athens who returned with the Persians in 490 BC.
Hippias
The revolt lasted this many years
six years
This Persian king ordered the 490 BC invasion.
Darius I
When was the battle of Marathon?
490BC
Miltiades brought experience from this empire
Persian Empire
In 487 BC, Athens changed how this office was chosen.
Archonship (selected by lot)
A form of punishment where Athenians could exile a citizen for 10 years.
ostracism
He ruled Persia during the first invasion of Greece
Darius I
This city was burned during the Athenian/Eretrian raid.
Sardis
These two commanders led the Persian forces.
Datis and Artaphernes
He was the Athenian general who led the victory.
Who is Miltiades
His strategic suggestion led to Greek victory at this battle
What is the Battle of Marathon?
These two regions rebelled against Persia during the interwar period, soon after Xerxes succeeded his father
Egypt and Babylon
A ruling by a few aristocrats is known by this term.
oligarchy
He was the Persian king during the second invasion of Greece.
Xerxes
This was the final battle that ended the Ionian Revolt
Battle of Lade
The Persians targeted this island city-state along with Athens.
Eretria
This Athenian general cast the deciding vote to fight.
Callimachus
His knowledge of Persian tactics came from this prior role.
What is vassal to Darius / former Persian ally?
Athens fought a naval war with this island in the 480s.
Aegina
These inscriptions on pottery shards were used in voting for ostracism.
ostraca
He was the Athenian general ostracised before the Persian Wars, later recalled. Known for building triremes with silver from Laurion
Themistocles
This city-state sent five ships to support the Ionian Revolt.
Eretria
Before invading, Darius demanded what symbolic tribute? Where did the Athenians throw their Persian messengers?
earth and water
a pit (or well)
Athens received no support from this major Greek city.
Sparta
Miltiades advocated for this unorthodox battle tactic.
What is rapid advance / frontal charge
This event in 481 BC was a rare act of Greek cooperation.
Congress at the Isthmus of Corinth
This was the port of Athens, vital for trade and naval power
Piraeus
Persian general and son-in-law of Darius, led 492 BC expedition.
Mardonius
This reason, according to Herodotus, sparked the revolt.
The ambition of Aristagoras
The Persian fleet was guided by this exiled Athenian tyrant. He was hoping to be restored to power in Athens.
Hippias
The Athenians used this strategy to counter the Persian numerical advantage.
flanking or double envelopment - strong wings, weak centre
He persuaded the other generals to do this before reinforcements arrived.
What is engage the Persians immediately?
The Greeks consulted this religious site before Persian invasion.
What advice did it give to the Athenians?
Oracle at Delphi
'You will be saved by a wooden wall'
Arrogance or excessive pride that was punished by the gods.
Hubris
He was held in Susa by Darius and may have encouraged revolt.
Histiaeus
This Greek city was totally destroyed by the Persians in revenge.
Miletus
This was the main reason Athens was targeted.
their support for the Ionian Revolt
This Athenian ally also sent troops to Marathon.
Plataea
His failure at the expedition to defeat Paros led to this penalty back in Athens.
What is prosecution and heavy fine?
This exiled Spartan king supported Persia yet warned Sparta of Xerxes' plans to begin a new invasion.
Demaratus
his was the name of the governing military officials in Athens.
strategoi
Persian commander who co-led the invasion of 490 BC
Datis
This failed campaign triggered Aristagoras' loss of favor with Persia.
The Naxos Campaign
This city was captured and destroyed by Persia prior to the Battle of Marathon
Eretria
Persian cavalry was absent during this key moment.
main land assault at Marathon
He argued against this strategy supported by some Athenians.
What is waiting for Spartan reinforcements?
Persia's centralised monarchy made it easier to do this.
prepare for war efficiently
This historian’s account is the main source for the Ionian revolt.
Herodotus
This tyrant of Miletus played a key role in starting the Ionian revolt.
Aristagoras
This secret communication allegedly encouraged Aristagoras to rebel.
Histiaeus' tattooed slave message
According to Herodotus, this was the size of the Persian army.
25,000
Miltiades reportedly convinced this Athenian assembly to fight.
war council or strategoi
Miltiades’ leadership proved the effectiveness of this Greek formation.
phalanx
In 483 BC, Themistocles persuaded Athens to do this with newfound silver.
build a navy
This type of soldier formed the Greek battle line.
hoplite
Aristagoras initially sought help from this Spartan king.
Cleomenes
This event marked the withdrawal of Athenian support.
What is the Persian counterattack near Ephesus
Darius chose this route to avoid heavily fortified Greek positions.
What is the sea route via the Cyclades
Compare Athenian losses to Persian losses (according to Herodotus)
192 vs 6,000
His victory at Marathon boosted Athenian confidence and led to this long-term outcome.
What is growing Athenian imperialism
For = Mardonius (Xerxes' cousin)
Against = Artabanus (Xerxes' uncle)