Anatomy
The heart is located here:
a. inside the pericardial cavity
b. in the mediastinum, which is
located in the pericardial cavity
c. in the mediastinum, which is located
in the thoracic cavity
d. in the thoracic cavity, which is
located in the mediastinum
c. in the mediastinum, which is
located in the thoracic cavity
This statement describes the skeleton of
the heart:
a. electrically insulates the atria from
the ventricles
b. is composed of bones and
cartilage
c. is the location of the pacemaker
d. is composed of calcified cardiac
muscle
a. electrically insulates the atria from
the ventricles
The resting membrane potential (RMP)
depends upon this:
a. permeability to Na
b. permeability to K
c. permeability to Ca
d. all of these
e. none of these
BACK TO GAME
d. all of these
Contraction of the atrial myocardium is
called this:
a. atrial systole
b. atrial diastole
c. ventricular systole
d. ventricular diastole
a. atrial systole
This occurs at the same time as atrial
systole:
a. the ventricles are also in systole
b. the atrioventricular valves are
closed
c. blood is being pumped into the
aorta and pulmonary trunk
d. blood is being pumped into the
ventricles
d. blood is being pumped into the ventricles
This statement about the epicardium is
true:
a. is also known as the parietal
pericardium
b. is a layer of cardiac muscle
c. is the visceral pericardium
d. lines the heart chambers
e. is the pacemaker of the heart
c. is the visceral pericardium
Where is the SA node located within the heart? Why does this make sense physiologically?
Right atria.
This is the first chamber of the heart that initiates other events within a cardiac cycle.
In cardiac muscle cells rapid depolarization
is caused by the opening of this:
a. voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels
b. voltage-gated K+ ion channels
c. voltage-gated Na+ ion channels
d. b and c
BACK TO GAME
c. voltage-gated Na+ ion channels
During the period of ejection in the cardiac
cycle, the atrioventricular valves are
__________ and the semilunar valves are
__________ .
a. closed, closed
b. closed, open
c. open, closed
d. open, open
b. closed, open
This is the effect of norepinephrine on the
heart:
a. decreases the rate and strength of
contraction
b. increases the rate and strength of
contraction
c. decreases the amount of blood
pumped per minute
d. has no effect on the heart
b. increases the rate and strength of
contraction
NE & E act as stimulants on the heart.
Strong connective tissue strings that are
attached to papillary muscles and to the
cusps of the atrioventricular valves are
called this:
a. musculi pectinati (pectinate muscle)
b. chordae tendineae
c. trabeculae carneae
d. the skeleton of the heart
e. the interventricular septum
b. chordae tendineae
Why is there a slight delay in between the conduction of the SA node and AV node?
to ensure that the ventricles fill before they contract (are stimulated)
This is the normal rate of spontaneous
depolarization of the SA node:
a. 20 - 40 per minute
b. 40 - 60 per minute
c. 70 - 80 per minute
d. over 100 per minute
c. 70 - 80 per minute
think, A normal heart rate is 60-100 bpm
Blood flows neither into nor out of the
ventricles during this:
a. the period of isovolumic
contraction/relaxation
b. diastole
c. systole
a. the period of isovolumic
contraction/relaxation
This structure returns blood to the right
atrium:
a. coronary sinus
b. inferior vena cava
c. superior vena cava
d. both b and c
e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Given these valves: 1. aortic semilunar valve 2. bicuspid (mitral) valve 3. pulmonary semilunar valve 4. tricuspid valve
Arrange them in the order in which an
erythrocyte would pass through them after
returning to the heart from the left arm.
a. 1,2,3,4
b. 2,3,1,4
c. 4,3,2,1
d. 3,1,2,4
c. 4,3,2,1
An individual with edema systemically would be expected to have what kind of Heart failure? Why?
Right sided heart failure. This side of the heart is receiving blood flow from systemic circulation. With heart failure, blood flow moves backwards as it can't progress with the proper pathway.
In an EKG, the P wave represents this:
a. depolarization of the atria
b. repolarization of the atria
c. depolarization of the ventricles
d. repolarization of the ventricles
a. depolarization of the atria
Cardiac output is defined as this:
a. blood pressure times peripheral
resistance
b. peripheral resistance times heart rate
c. heart rate times stroke volume
d. stroke volume times blood pressure
e. blood pressure minus peripheral
resistance
c. heart rate times stroke volume
Formula
CO = HR X SV
directly related, if HR increases, so does CO. Vise versa, if SV decreases CO decreases
A decrease in blood pH and an increase in
blood carbon dioxide levels result in this:
a. increased heart rate
b. increased stroke volume
c. increased sympathetic stimulation
of the heart
d. increased cardiac output
e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Compare/contrast microanatomy and functional differences (ex: autorhythmicity) of cardiac and skeletal muscle
Cardiac: highly branched, autorhythmic (does not rely on NS to stimulate its heart beat) contains intercalated disc (promotes electrical transmission) all fibers contract synchronously. Involuntary
Both: striations , presence of extensive mitochondria
Skeletal: relies on input from NS, ambulation functions, not every fiber contracts at the same time. Voluntary
What is a positive chronotropic agent? What are some examples? (Biological & External)
Positive chronotropic agents increase heart contractility, further increasing heart rate. Hormones/Neurotransmitters: Ex: EPI & Thyroid Hormone
& Stimulants. EX: Caffeine, Nicotine & recreational drugs such as Cocaine
Explain the order of electrical conductivity events within the heart.
SA node, AV node, Bundles of His, Purkinje Fibers
In a person who has a damaged left
ventricle due to a heart attack, they would
experience this:
a. left ventricle pumps less blood than
the right
b. blood accumulates in the
pulmonary vessels
c. blood accumulates in the systemic
vessels
d. won’t have any effect
e. a and b
e. a and b
Left side damage can cause backflow issues to the pulmonary system
(think back to the pathway of blood when determining blood flow imbalances)
Damage to this part of the brain would
cause the body to have less control over
cardiac activity:
a. cerebral cortex
b. thalamus
c. basal nuclei
d. medulla oblongata
d. medulla oblongata