Industrial Revolution
The country where the Industrial Revolution first began.
What is England
This agricultural practice, involving planting different crops in a sequence, helped maintain soil fertility and was a cornerstone of the Agricultural Revolution.
Crop rotation
This machine, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, revolutionized the cotton industry by quickly separating seeds from cotton fibers.
Cotton Gin
This fuel, often mined by children and workers in dangerous conditions, powered steam engines and was essential to industrial growth.
Coal
This treaty, signed after China lost the Opium War, ceded Hong Kong to Britain and opened several Chinese ports to foreign trade.
Treaty of Nanjing
These large buildings, often located near rivers and later in urban areas, housed machinery and workers, transforming production processes.
Factories
This device planted seeds in neat rows, helping increase crop yields and efficiency.
Seed Drill
James Watt’s improvements to this power source in the 1770s helped drive machinery and transform industries across Europe.
Steam Engine
This practice, involving children working long hours in factories and mines, raised awareness about the need for labor reforms.
Child Labor
This concept, often summarized as "survival of the fittest," was used to justify European imperialism, claiming that certain races were superior.
Social Darwinism
This social class, including factory owners, merchants, and skilled professionals, grew in wealth and influence during the Industrial Revolution.
Bourgeoisie (Middle Class)
During the Agricultural Revolution, improvements in farming led to an increase in this type of food in England, making people stronger and healthier.
Potato/Corn
This invention in the 1830s allowed for long-distance communication using coded signals.
Telegraph
As a result of industrialization, these large, crowded living areas developed around factories, often marked by poor sanitation and cramped housing.
Tenements
These five main motives drove European countries to expand their empires and establish colonies around the world.
economic, exploratory, political, religious, and ideological
This process of people moving from rural areas to cities, often in search of work, rapidly expanded as industries developed.
Urbanization
Before the enclosure movement, farmers used these shared lands to graze animals and grow crops, but the loss of these lands pushed many to cities.
Common Lands
This spinning machine, invented by James Hargreaves, could spin multiple threads at once and greatly boosted textile production.
Spinning Jenny
This industry, one of the first to industrialize, brought the production of cloth and clothing.
Textile Industry
1884-1885 Berlin conference held in Germany established the rules for European powers to claim African territories, leading to the division of Africa without regard to ethnic or cultural boundaries.This lead to what?
Scramble for Africa
This economic system, characterized by private ownership and competition, drove investment in new technologies and industries during the Industrial Revolution.
Capitalism
During the Agricultural Revolution, improvements in farming led to an increase in this type of food in England, making people stronger and healthier.
Cottage Industry
This invention, developed in the 1850s, made the mass production of steel more efficient and affordable.
Bessemer Process
This German philosopher criticized the effects of industrial capitalism on workers, co-authoring the Communist Manifesto as a call for class struggle.
Karl Marx
This system used by colonial powers, especially the British, relied on existing local rulers and structures to administer and control colonies.
Indirect Rule