Beginnings of Industry
What country did the Industrial Revolution begin in?
England (Great Britain)
Who improved the steam engine, making it more efficient?
James Watt
What word means people moving from the countryside to cities?
Urbanization
What groups did workers form to demand better pay and hours?
Labor unions
What is an economy based on private ownership called?
Capitalism
What industry was the first to industrialize?
Textile Industry (Cloth)
What invention by Eli Whitney increased cotton production?
Cotton gin
What kind of housing did poor factory workers live in?
Tenements
What is “collective bargaining”?
When workers negotiate together for better conditions
Who believed competition and hard work would benefit everyone in society?
Adam Smith
What natural resource powered machines and trains?
What innovation used steam power to transport goods and people faster?
Steam locomotive
What problems did industrial cities face?
Overcrowding, pollution, and disease
What reform helped stop child labor and improve factory safety?
Factory reforms and new labor laws
What system wanted government control over business and shared wealth?
Socialism
What movement forced farmers off land and into cities?
Enclosure Movement
What invention allowed workers to spin thread faster at home or in workshops?
Spinning Wheel (mechanized spinning)
Why were working conditions often unsafe?
Long hours, poor ventilation, and dangerous machines
What movement called for equal rights and fair treatment for workers?
Workers’ rights movement
What economic problem grew as factory owners gained wealth but workers stayed poor?
Unequal distribution of wealth
What was one major transportation improvement during this time?
Canals or railroads
How did new machines change production?
Goods were made faster, cheaper, and in larger quantities
Why did factory towns grow quickly near rivers or coal mines?
They provided energy and resources for factories
What changes improved city life during the Industrial Revolution?
Sanitation systems, clean water, and public health reforms
What new idea led workers to question unfair treatment and demand equality?
Socialism or labor reform ideas