Industrial Revolution Innovations
James Watt significantly improved this machine, which became a key power source for factories and transportation during the Industrial Revolution.
steam engines
This economic system, where production and trade are privately owned, dominated the Industrial Revolution.
capitalism
This country unified in 1871 under Otto von Bismarck.
Germany
This term describes when one country controls another politically, economically, or socially.
imperialism
This Scottish engineer improved the steam engine, fueling industrial growth.
James Watt
This type of production system replaced domestic workshop.
factory-based production
The idea that government should not interfere in economic affairs is called this.
laissez-faire
France experienced this type of government under Napoleon Bonaparte after the Revolution.
the Napoleonic Empire
In the late 19th century, this European country controlled most of West Africa.
France
He wrote The Wealth of Nations and is considered the father of modern capitalism.
Adam Smith
This transportation innovation allowed goods to move faster across Britain during the early 19th century.
railroads/steam locomotives
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote this 1848 book advocating for a classless society.
The Communist Manifesto
This political ideology, emphasizing loyalty to a shared culture, language, and history, helped unify countries like Germany and Italy in the 19th century.
nationalism
The 1884–1885 conference that divided Africa among European powers is called this.
the Berlin Conference
This Belgian king exploited Congo for rubber during European imperialism.
King Leopold II
This 1733 invention by John Kay allowed a single weaver to weave much wider cloth, greatly speeding up textile production.
flying shuttle
This term describes a system where workers sell their labor to owners for wages.
wage labor
This war in 1870–1871 increased German nationalism and contributed to Italian unification.
the Franco-Prussian War
This policy allowed Western powers to trade freely in China after the Opium Wars.
the “Open Door Policy”
He advocated for socialism and critiqued capitalism in the 19th century.
Karl Marx
Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, this machine allowed a worker to spin multiple threads at once, revolutionizing the textile industry.
spinning jenny
This term describes the uneven distribution of wealth and power between the working class and the owners of factories, which Karl Marx criticized.
class struggle
This Russian ruler emancipated the serfs in 1861 as part of modernization efforts.
Alexander II
This economic system under imperialism involved exporting raw materials from colonies to the mother country and selling manufactured goods back to the colonies.
mercantilism
This British queen presided over a vast empire at the height of imperialism.
Queen Victoria