Arabs
He is the founder of Islam, reportedly receiving the revealed word of God from the archangel Gabriel.
Who is Muhammed?
This title is given to the ruler of an Islamic caliphate
What is caliph?
According to Renaissance historians, the Middle Ages started with the fall of this civilization
What is the Roman Empire?
The group from Central Asia known for establishing the largest land empire in history
Who are the Mongols?
This important city in the Holy Land was captured by Christians in 1099, resulting in the slaughter of thousands of Muslims.
What is Jerusalem?
This is the name of a Muslim place of worship.
What is a Mosque?
This ethnic group (which the prophet belonged to) received special treatment under the Umayyad Caliphate
What are Arabs?
This social class pledged loyalty and military service to lords in exchange for land.
What are knights?
This low social class formed the majority of Europe's population during the Middle Ages.
What are peasants?
The position held by Urban II, who started the First Crusade in 1095
What is Pope?
This is the name of the main holy text in Islam, believed to be the revealed word of God
What is the Quran?
This area of southern Europe was partially controlled by Muslims until the Reconquista in 1492
What is Spain?
Later known as the French, these Germanic people later formed the Carolingian Empire
Who are the Franks?
Responsible for the death of one-third of Europe's population, the 14th century outbreak of bubonic plague is also known by this name.
What is the Black Death?
The French monk who played an important role in gathering support for the Second Crusade and was later sanctified
Who is St. Bernard?
During the month of Ramadan, Muslims must do this
What is to fast?
The Seljuk Empire originated from this expansive, grassy region of central Asia, populated by nomadic people
What is the Steppe?
The Middle Ages are also sometimes known by which negative name.
What is the "Dark Ages"?
Joan of Arc was a combatant in The Hundred Years War, a conflict fought between France and this other European kingdom.
What is England?
Members of this religion were the victims of increased persecution and attacks throughout Europe in the High Middle Ages.
What is Judaism?
The holiest city in Islam, birthplace of the Prophet and destination of the pilgrimage known as the Hajj.
What is Mecca?
This caliphate lost territory, moved the capital to Baghdad, and gave greater equality to non-Arabs.
What is the Abbasid Caliphate?
Often called the "Father of Europe," this ruler was the first Holy Roman Emperor.
Who is Charlemagne?
During this period, a bishop in Rome and another in Avignon both claimed to be the Pope (followed by a cardinal in Pisa).
What is the Great Schism (or Western Schism)?
Soldiers from this Italian city (later the birthplace of Marco Polo) famously attacked the city of Constantinople in 1204
What is Venice?