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Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
The Black Death
100
Fiefs, or estates, were given to soldiers because of this.
What is a reward for their service and loyalty given to them by their leader (a noble, a vassal, a lord, a king).
100
Daily life revolved around the church in these ways.
What is to become a knight, king, or vassal, men had to go to church, or take part in the ceremonies. Also, everyone obeyed the church's rules: meat could not be eaten on Fridays and Sunday mass was mandatory.
100
This led to the growth (and development) of Venice's trade.
What is Venice was a port founded in the 500s by Germans. Venice was not fertile so the people were highly dependent on trade. Venetians fished and exchanged products with other Italian towns. However, they also traded wine, slaves, and wheat for fabrics and spices to the Byzantines. Eventually, Venice became a leading port and traded with other European cities.
100
The rise of trade and towns in western Europe led to the rise of strong monarchies such as these.
What is the Capetian monarchy: Hugh Capet, Louis VI ("Louis the Fat"), Philip II, King Louis IX, and Philip IV ("Philip the Fair"); the Norman monarchy: King William I of England ("William the Conqueror"), King Henry II, King Richard, King John, King Henry III, Simon de Montfort, and Edward I; Frederick I, Frederick II; the Hapsburg monarchy- lasted 650 years.
100
The Black Death started in this.
What is water.
200
The rise of feudal territories, or lands in which nobles owned and other people worked on, were because of this.
What is the collapse of government after Charlemagne's death led to power being passed on to kings who neglected their duties and eventually passed their power on to nobles who became independent rulers. The nobles were better leaders and rulers than the previous kings and took care of the people. However, by 1000, all of the kingdoms of western Europe separated into feudal territories and were ruled by nobles who had so much power, that they made other peasants work their land.
200
The Inquisition was this.
What is a Church court that was made up of a council of bishops who tried to end and terminate the spread of heresy. The council would preach and, at first, were lenient with the victims. The heretics had a single month to confess in front of the council. If they did, they were beat and put in prison, but only for a small period of time. However, if the heretics did not confess, they were forced to attend a trial in which they would either eventually confess or be severely tortured. (Some people, such as Joan of Arc, were burned at the stake.)
200
Flanders became one of the most significant trading centers because of this.
What is the raising of sheep brought the weaving of wool into cloth. The Flemish wove the wool into fabrics and created a weaving industry. Their fabrics and cloths were so popular that they began to trade with England. English shepherds supplied the Flemish with their wool who wove it and sent it back to England.
200
Joan of Arc led armies because of this.
What is the calling that she claimed to have heard from heavenly voices, or God, told her that she had to save France when the English were fighting for the throne. She asked the king for his permission, and he happily granted her wish with an army, a suit of armor for her, and a linen banner. (She was later captured and burned at the stake for the false accusation of heresy.)
200
The Black Death, also known as the plague, was spread by this.
What are rats and fleas.
300
This took place during the act of homage.
What is a ceremony in which the tie between a lord and his vassal, or a noble who served a higher-ranking lord, was made official when the vassal knelt on one knee in front of his lord and promised to serve him.
300
The Church's attempts at reform were brought on by these. (Who helped, or supported, the reform of the church at this time in history?)
What is the members of the church supported it by giving donations, called tithes, to the church. Wealthy nobles also donated by giving money or donating land to monasteries. However, the richer churches and monasteries grew, the more careless they became with their duties. Monks and bishops became lazy and would bequeath their duties and land to nobles. The nobles did not take proper care of and did not follow the rules of the Church. The monks of Cluny helped the reform by founding new monasteries in which to drive the Church back on track with and Pope Gregory VII had political and religious power in which he used wisely to maintain the Church. The friar, or preaching, orders lived innocent lives of poverty that brought Christianity to the people. Because of their teaching and good deeds, they re-promoted the interest of the people to the Church.
300
The poor living conditions of the Middle Ages caused this.
What is the Black Death, or the plague, started around the 1300s and spread because of the poor hygiene and living conditions of the people of the Middle Ages. Towns grew and became wealthy, but at the same time, they became overly populated. Houses and public buildings were packed so closely that eventually, they had to build upwards. This cause crowded living conditions and sewage overflow that led out onto the streets. Rats and fleas became infested and carried the deadly disease throughout Europe, killing almost 25 million.
300
This was the reason why King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta.
What is the nobles who forced him to sign the Great Charter, or document allowing them more power and freedom, did not obey his rules unless they recieved specific rights in return. With the Archbishop on their side, they were able to compel John to sign the document. The Magna Carta states that the king's power is never above that of the law's and before a king collects taxes, he must first ask the Great Council if it is okay to do so. (It also decreases the power of the king.)
300
These are the types and causes of the plague.
What is the Bubonic plague: an infection of the lymph nodes; the Septicemic plague: a blood infection; the Pneumonic plague: a lung infection.
400
The nobles, in the 1100s, lived in these. (Explain the purpose of the place where nobles resided.)
What are the stone fortresses, where nobles lived, called castles, that were secure and that made the nobles independent among each other. The castles had thick walls and provided protection by a moat, flanking towers, in which guards kept on the lookout, a drawbridge, and a portcullis.
400
This was the routine of education.
What is the schools were set up by the parish clergy in cathedrals, or churches headed by bishops. The schools educated nobles' sons in Church service and if they did not want to become a priest or a monk, they could be taught to become a lawyer or a government worker. There were seven subjects taught to the students who had to pay an attendance fee. The students memorized the teachers' lectures because of budgets and book shortages. After this school, the students went to universities, or groups of students and teachers committed to education. They were taught by chancellors and attended classes at set times.
400
This was the order of job training.
What is to become a member of a guild, a person had to first become an apprentice, or a trainee, of a trade for two to seven years and had to be taught their trade by masters, or experts. Then, they had to become a journeyman, or someone who worked for a master and earned a daily wage. After the journeyman was ready, he took a test to qualify as a master.
400
The Hundred Years' War both helped and hurt England and France in these ways.
What is the French were angered that the English King, Edward I, had also claimed himself to be king of France, causing both countries to go to war with each other. The Hundred Years' War were a series of battles. The first war started after the English's success of the French fleet and control of the sea, the French defeat in the Battle of Crecy in 1346 AD and the defeat of the French in the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 AD. English had triumphant weapons such as the longbow and the first portable firearm. France and England were both unified, but France had few feudal territories left and Enlgand's monarchy had grown extremely weak. The commoners of both countries rose in status and significance and were made a part of the government through representatives.
400
These are the symptoms of the plague.
What is the victims of the plague would get headaches, chills, a fever(s), nausea, vomitting, body aches and pains, swelling of the lymph nodes and mental disorientation. (Depending on the severity, the victim could also have internal bleeding.)
500
Knighthood consisted of this lifestyle.
What is a noble who started his training for knighthood at age seven began with learning to be a page, or a person who helped his knight care for his war-horses, polish his armor, learned good manners, and was taught to fight and ride. Then, at age fourteen, he was able to withstand holding a sword and a lance while riding a horse. At age 15, he became a squire and was under the training and care of a knight. A squire also went to fight in battles with his knight. If he was approved, he would become a knight at age twenty-one.
500
The Crusades were these.
What is holy wars between Christians and Muslims that lasted 200 years. There were a total of nine crusades, but the major ones were the first-fourth crusades and the Childrens' crusade. The crusades started when the Holy Land was taken from the Christians by the Muslims. Pope Urban II recruited soldiers for and started the first crusade. Many of the Christian soldiers painted red crosses on themselves so that they could identify each other.
500
This led to the decline of feudalism.
What is the importance and increasing power of artisans, bankers, and merchants led to the decline of feudalism because they became richer than nobles. Bankers were lending money to nobles, kings, and church officials for entertainment, wars, and building repairs. With their money, they built grand homes and mansions or bought castles from nobles. This decreased the power and the significance of some nobles which also decreased feudalism.
500
Ferdinand and Isabella made Spain a united Catholic country by doing this.
What is to unify and make Spain a Catholic country, Ferdinand and Isabella took away the privileges of the wealthy nobles to gain more control and power for themselves, then conquered the Moors by using the forces of their armies, leaving them to only rule Granada and later forcing them to either convert to Christianity or to leave the country. Ferdinand and Isabella also turned to the Jews and told them to convert or leave as well. To officially convert all of Spain to Christianity, Ferdinand and Isabella set up the Spanish Inquisition which rid Spain of heresy and non-Catholics.
500
AIDS and the plague are similar and dissimilar (not alike) in these ways.
What is the plague and AIDS are both diseases of the blood. AIDS is transferred by the mixing of (two) peoples' body liquids where as to get the plague, you would be bitten by a flea or a rat.