The Mongol World Order
This idea, linked to the sky god Tengri, gave the Mongols the right to rule the earth.
The heavenly mandate
Chinggis Khan invaded this state in 1219 after it killed his envoy.
The Khwarazmian Empire, ruled by the Khwarazm Shah
The Ilkhanate was centered mainly in these two modern countries.
Iran and Iraq
In 1260, Khubilai moved the capital from Karakorum to this region.
North China: Dadu/Khanbaliq, modern Beijing
The Black Death reached Europe from this region along Mongol routes.
Central Asia
The Mongols divided the world into submitted peoples and these.
Rebellious, unsubmitted peoples "bulgha irgen"
In 1246, Güyük sent a letter to this pope.
Innocent IV
The Ilkhans sought an alliance with Europe against this common enemy.
The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria
This work by Rashid al-Din is considered the first world history.
(Jami' al-tawarikh, the "Compendium of Chronicles")
The Black Death killed roughly this fraction of Europe's population
One-third
In 1206, Chinggis Khan's mandate applied only to these "people of the felt-walled tents''.
The steppe nomands
In 1262, Hülegü wrote to this French king, inviting him to cooperate against the Mamluks
Louis IX
The Golden Horde, rival of the Ilkhanate, maintained close commercial and diplomatic ties with this state.
The Mamluk Sultanate
In 1286, Jamal al-Din asked Khubilai to sponsor this project.
A unified geographic treatise accompanied by a map
Columbus, seeking the land of the "Great Khan" in 1492, was inspired by the book of this traveler.
Marco Polo
Ögödei's title *dalai-qan* carried this meaning.
Oceanic or universal khan the ruler of all within the seas
This was the Mongols' reply to demands that they convert to Christianity or Islam.
Heaven was on their side, as proven by their continuous military victories
In 1304, the four Mongol states concluded this.
A peace agreement
After conquering southern China's ports in 1279, the Mongols combined these two routes into one global system.
The maritime and continental routes
The Chinggisid principle, that only Chinggis Khan's descendants could be khan, lasted in Central Asia until this century.
The eighteenth century
This concept, meaning a ruler's skill, intelligence, and fortune, served as proof of the mandate.
Suu or charisma
The Mongols tried to eliminate rulers such as the Abbasid Caliph and the Jin and Song emperors. Why?
They were rivals with universal claims to rule
Rival khanates addressed one another with these kinship terms and called their wars family feuds
Big and little brothers": aqa and ini
Describe the Mongol campaigns in southern China versus Java, Burma, and Japan.
China was conquered, while the others were largely unsuccessful or disastrous; the empire had reached the ecological limit of steppe warfare
The Mongols spread this technology westward, which later helped Qing China and Russia divide the steppe.
Gunpowder