Insulin
What is the main stimulus of insulin release
Hyperglycemia
Additionally: elevated amino acids, and Increatins
What cells in the pancreas synthesize glucagon
Alpha
True or false cats are more likely to develop type 1 DM, but it is sometimes reversible
False cats are more prone to type 2 DM
What animals are prone to Insulinomas?
Ferrets and Dogs
Insulin inhibits what ion from exiting the cell, thereby decreasing its concentration in the blood
Potassium
What process occurs during long-term fasting to increase the amount of glucose in the blood
gluconeogenesis
What type of diabetes is often immune-mediated and is caused by the destruction of pacreatic B cells
Type 1
Why might you observe hypoglycemia in a dog that is septic
Bacteria may consume the glucose in the sample
What type of transporters are controlled by insulin, and where are they found
GLUT-4: striated muscle and fat cells
What modulator inhibits insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone, suppressing glucose spikes after meals and making it helpful in suppressing functional tumors
Somatostatin
Where can insulin resistance occur
Before insulin binds to its receptor (antibodies)
At the receptor (shape, number, or ability)
After insulin binds to its receptor
In an animal with low glucose and low insulin, what would you suspect
They probably haven't eaten recently
What are the characteristics of a peptide hormone
slow production
storage release
hydrophilic
Fast degradation
What organ is primarily affected by glucagon
the liver
What is the main giveaway that the hyperglycemia is due to DM and not another factor like stress.
Increased serum Fructosamine
What two factors would make you suspect an insulinoma in a dog.
low glucose and high insulin
What three processes are inhibited by the presence of insulin
Gluconeogenesis, Lipolysis, Proteolysis
How does excess amylin secretion contribute to Diabetes Mellitus Type 2.
Excess amylin covers pancreatic cells, leading to pancreatic amyloidosis, preventing the release of insulin from B cells
What type of leukogram would you expect in a dog with DM.
Stress or inflammatory
What are some symptoms of Hypoglycemia
Seizures, twitching, ataxia, weakness, lethargy, collapse, head pressing, blindness, and coma