The Printing Press
What were the 95 Theses?
What other changes besides religious ones were changing during the time of the Reformation?
Scientific ideas about the Earth and the heavens were also changing.
Who was Ignatius of Loyola?
He was a Spanish knight who became a priest.
What is the definition of "theology?"
n., a system of religious beliefs
The printing press was invented in 1450.
Why did Martin Luther not approve of the practices of indulgences?
Luther attacked indulgences because he believed that people might think that they could pay money and have punishment for their sins reduced or removed without changing their lives and seeking God's forgiveness.
What did Nicolas Copernicus conclude about the Earth?
He concluded that the Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the sun.
How were Ignatius of Loyola and Martin Luther similar?
Both men were priests who passed through a religious crisis and transformation, leading them to have strong religious beliefs that they shared with others. Both were also accused of heresy.
What is Easter?
n., an important Christian holiday celebrating Jesus Christ's rising from the dead
How did Luther spread his ideas?
He printed leaflets and pamphlets that explained his ideas.
Why was Luther put on trial, and what was the result of the trial?
Luther was put on trial for refusing to take back teachings the pope had condemned. When Luther refused to recant at the trial, he was declared an outlaw.
What was The Starry Messenger?
The Starry Messenger was the book that Galileo Galilei published of observations that supported Copernicus' claim that the planets revolved around the sun.
What was the purpose of the Society of Jesus, and what religious work did it undertake?
Members of the Society of Jesus are known as Jesuits. Their purpose was the serve the pope in whatever way he commanded. They cared for the needy, educated the young, helped to convert people to Catholicism, and helped to fight against heresy.
Why did Martin Luther dissaprove of the practice of indulgences?
In Catholicism, indulgences are spiritual benefits that individuals can earn by saying prayers or doing penance. Luther attacked indulgences because he believed that people might think that they could pay money and have punishment for their sins reduced without changing their lives and seeking God's forgiveness.
How did the availability of moveable type and the printing press increase the spread of Luther's ideas?
It reduced the cost and speed of printing, making more written materials available at lower prices to many people who would never have had access to them in the past.
What is predestination?
Predestination is the idea put forth by Calvin that even before people are born, God decides who will or will not go to heaven.
Why might Church officials have decided to condemn The Starry Messenger and forbid Galileo from teaching or writing anything else in support of Copernicus' view?
Copernicus and Galileo seemed to be telling people not the believe the Bible or even their own eyes. When people look at the sky, it appears as if the sun and moon revolve around Earth.
What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?
Its purpose was to reform the Catholic Church and to find and get rid of heresy. The Council also hoped to unite the Protestants with the Church.
What did the ancient Greek scholar Ptolemy believe about the organization of the solar system?
Ptolemy believed the sun and other planets revolved around the Earth.
What were the effects of Gutenberg's printing press on life in Europe?
The number of books increased; more people were able to access books; a greater variety of books were available to more people. People could communicate and share ideas in writing through books; more people knew about the world than in earlier times.
Why did Henry VIII want to form his own church?
He wanted his marriage annulled after his marriage failed to produce a male heir. The pope refused to give Henry an annulment, so Henry created the Church of England. The leaders of Henry's new church granted him a divorce.
In what ways did the view that the sun, not Earth, was at the center of a system within a larger universe, appear to conflict with certain religious ideas?
The idea of a stationary sun goes against words in the Bible about how God had once made the sun stand still, which implies the sun moved. Also, the idea of the sun being the object around which Earth moves challenges the biblical idea of Earth being the center of God's creation.
How did the Council of Trent help the Catholic Church survive the Protestant Reformation?
It ended serious abuses in the Church. It established a standard set of rules and practices throughout the Church. It confirmed the Churches' teaching and made sure priests and teachers were educated accordingly.
Place these events in chronological order: (a) Calvin writes The Institutes of the Christian Religion, (b) Luther attaches the 95 Theses to the castle church door in Witenburg, (c) Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth revolves around the sun, (d) King Henry VIII establishes the Church of England, (e) The Catholic Church condemns Galileo for heresy, and (f) Gutenberg invents the printing press