Causes
Besides Indulgences, what were some criticisms of the Catholic church? (At least two)
Church Critics of the Church claimed that its leaders were corrupt. The popes who ruled during the Renaissance patron ized the arts, spent extravagantly on personal pleasure, and fought wars.
Pope Alexander VI, for example, admitted that he had fathered several children. Many popes were too busy pursuing worldly affairs to have much time for spiritual duties.
The lower clergy had problems as well. Many priests and monks were so poorly educated that they could scarcely read, let alone teach people.
Others broke their priestly vows by marrying, and some drank to excess or gambled.
He was was a German theologian and religious reformer who played a key role in the Protestant Reformation.
Martin Luther
What Queen of England was determined to return England to Protestantism?
Elizabeth I
Who founded Presbyterians, where each community church was governed by a group of laymen called elders
John Knox
What were 3 religious, social, and political effects of the Reformation?
1. The Protestant Church flourishing and new denominations developing
2. Social: The Catholic Church became more unified in its defense after the Council of Trent.
3. Social: Founding of schools and universities to spread beliefs.
3. Political: Nation-States were formed due to monarchs and states gaining power. Monarchs took advantage of the church's weakness.
What is an indulgence?
An indulgence was a type of pardon or forgiveness granted by the Catholic Church for sins committed. The sale of indulgences was a common practice in the Catholic Church in the years leading up to the Protestant Reformation, and it was one of the main practices criticized by Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther.
What were some of Martin Luther's key beliefs? Name two.
Who was Henry VIII and what was his role in the Protestant Reformation?
Henry VIII was the King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. His role in the Protestant Reformation was to establish the Church of England, which was separate from the authority of the Pope in Rome. This was in response to the Pope's refusal to grant him an annulment (to cancel/set out) from his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
What are two key beliefs of Anabaptists?
1. They said that persons who had been baptized as children should be rebaptized as adults.
2. The Anabaptists also taught that church and state should be separate, and they
3. refused to fight in wars.
4. They shared their possessions.
What was the purpose of the Inquisition?
The main purpose of the Inquisition was to impose reli- gious uniformity, especially on converted Jews and Muslims, and later, on Protestants. The Roman Inquisition used harsh methods, including torture, to force confessions and punish heresy, or a denial of Church teachings.
more writers and scholars began to write and translate works into the local ______ or common language, instead of using Latin. This helped spread literacy, spiritual thinking, individual thought, and perspective among individuals. Laying the ground work for the reformation.
Vernacular
In response to the Luther's actions, the Pope Leo 10 ______________, or kicked Luther out of the Catholic Church,
Excommunicated
This man set up a theocracy or government based on religion in Switzerland. What was a key doctrine of this man's teaching?
John Calvin- Predestination (God has known from the beginning of time who will be saved?
As a result of the Protestant Reformation, what happened to the Church's power?
The decline in the power of the papacy, as the Catholic Church struggled to maintain its authority in the face of Protestant challenges
Describe the Counter Reformation in your own words.
The Counter Reformation, also known as the Catholic Reformation, refers to the period of Catholic resurgence in response to the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. The Counter Reformation aimed to address the issues raised by the Protestants and to reform the Catholic Church, while also combatting the spread of Protestantism and consolidating Catholic authority. The Counter Reformation included efforts such as the Council of Trent, the formation of new religious orders, the establishment of seminaries, and the expansion of missionary work.
How did the printing press contribute to the Protestant Reformation?
The printing press made it easier and cheaper to produce and distribute books, pamphlets, and other printed materials, which allowed Protestant ideas to spread more quickly and widely than would have been possible otherwise. The printing press also facilitated the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages, which helped to undermine the Catholic Church's monopoly on religious authority and made it easier for people to access and interpret scripture for themselves.
Charles V went to war against the Protestant princes. Even though he defeated them in 1547, he failed to force them back into the Catholic Church. In 1555, Charles, weary of fighting, ordered all German princes, both Protestant and Catholic, to assemble. There the princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state. This famous religious settlement was known as the ___________
Peace of Augsburg.
Religious reform in Switzerland was begun by him_____ a Catholic priest in Zurich. He was influenced both by the Christian humanism of Eras-mus and by the reforms of Luther. In 1520, he openly attacked abuses in the Catholic Church. He called for a return to the more personal faith of early Christianity. He also wanted believers to have more control over the Church.
Huldrych Zwingli
This female spirtual leader was Born in Spain in 1515. She decided to become a nun around the age of 20. Her father opposed her plan, but she an away to a convent around 1536. At the convent, after deciding that the practices were too lax, she followed her own strict rules regarding fasting, prayer, and sleep. Eventually the church gave her permission to reform the Carmelite order. Her deep spirituality, reported visions of Jesus, and fervor for the Catholic faith inspired many would-be Protestants to remain in the church.
Teresa of Avila
Name two things the Council of Trent agreed upon from 1545-1563?
1. The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic (a person accused of having a religious belief that was contrary to the official teachings of the Church).
2. Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued.
3. The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life.
4.Indulgences were valid expressions of faith, but the selling of indulgences was banned.
How Many theses/arguments did Luther have against the Catholic church? Name the church where he nailed those theses. (2 points)
95 Theses- Wittenburg Church.
Luther and his followers were known as this separate religious group
Lutherans.
What was Ignatius of Loyola's role in the Counter Reformation?
Ignatius of Loyola played a significant role in the Counter Reformation, which was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation. He founded the Jesuits, a religious order that became one of the most important institutions in the Catholic Church's efforts to combat Protestantism and spread Catholicism throughout the world.
She played a more typical, behind-the-scenes role as Luther’s wife. She had been sent to a convent at about age ten and became a nun. Inspired by Luther’s teaching, she fled the convent. After marrying Luther, this woman had six children. She also managed the family finances, fed all who visited their house, and supported her husband’s work. She respected Luther’s position but argued with him about woman’s equal role in marriage.
Katherina von Bora
How did the Catholic Church gain, consolidate, and maintain power after the Catholic Counter-Reformation (What are three things we discussed in class?
The Inquisition, the Index of Forbidden books, and missionary work.