Protestant Reformation
What does the phrase 'priesthood of all believers' mean in Lutheran teachings?
That all Christians can speak directly to God without needing priests.
How did King Henry VIII start the Church of England?
He broke from the Catholic Church after the pope refused to annul his marriage.
Why was the Council of Trent important?
It clarified Catholic beliefs and created reforms to correct abuses.
How did Catholic missionaries try to spread their faith globally?
They traveled to places like Asia and the Americas to convert people to Catholicism.
How did the Reformation influence ideas about self-government?
It encouraged local church groups to govern themselves, leading to ideas of democracy.
What practice involving payments for forgiveness upset many reformers?
The sale of indulgences.
How did Protestant ideas challenge the Church’s traditional authority?
They encouraged individuals to question Church teachings and think for themselves.
What did the Jesuits do to support the Catholic Church?
They spread Catholic teachings and ran schools to educate young men.
Who was Francis Xavier and where did he travel as a missionary?
A Jesuit missionary who brought Catholicism to India and Japan.
What caused the Thirty Years’ War?
Religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire.
What was Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses?
A list of complaints Martin Luther nailed to a church door criticizing Church practices.
What is predestination and which reformer taught it?
The belief that God already knows who will be saved; taught by John Calvin.
What was the Catholic Reformation?
A movement to reform the Catholic Church and stop the spread of Protestantism.
Why was the Ursuline Order created?
To provide Catholic education for girls and strengthen faith.
What long-term effect did the Reformation have on science and learning?
It led people to question traditional authority and explore the natural world through science.
What happened to Martin Luther after he challenged the Catholic Church?
He was excommunicated and declared an outlaw, but protected by a noble.
Why did William Tyndale translate the Bible into English?
So everyone could read and interpret the Bible themselves.
What actions did the Catholic Church take to stop the spread of Protestantism?
It created courts, banned Protestant books, and punished heresy.
What was the Spanish Inquisition and who did it target?
A court system that punished non-Catholics and Protestants in Spain.
What political change resulted from the Treaty of Westphalia?
It allowed rulers to choose their state’s religion and made German states independent.
What was Luther’s view on how people achieve salvation?
People are saved by faith alone, not by good works or Church rituals.
How did John Calvin influence the city of Geneva?
He made it follow strict religious rules and used laws to promote morality.
How did Angela Merici help with Catholic education?
She founded a religious order focused on teaching girls Catholic values.
What did the Index of Forbidden Books try to prevent?
It listed books Catholics were not allowed to read to avoid Protestant influence.
What was the Edict of Nantes and what did it allow?
A law allowing Protestants to worship freely in most of France.