REFORMATION
Question: What document did Martin Luther publish in 1517 that challenged Church practices?
Answer: The 95 Theses.
Question: Which reformer is associated with predestination?
Answer: John Calvin.
Question: What was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation called?
Answer: The Counter-Reformation.
Question: Which movement began first: the Reformation or the Counter-Reformation?
Answer: The Reformation.
Question: What new branch of Christianity emerged from the Reformation?
Answer: Protestantism.
Question: What Church practice, criticized by Luther, involved granting forgiveness in exchange for money?
Answer: The sale of indulgences.
Question: Which king broke away from the Catholic Church and created the Church of England?
Answer: Henry VIII.
Question: Which council met between 1545 and 1563 to address Church reforms?
Answer: The Council of Trent.
Question: Which movement was started by Protestants?
Answer: The Reformation.
Question: Name one way the Reformation changed religious life in Europe.
Answer: It weakened the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the creation of Protestant churches.
Question: Why was Luther's translation of the Bible into German significant?
Answer: It allowed ordinary people to read and interpret Scripture themselves.
Question: What was Henry VIII's main reason for separating from the Catholic Church?
Answer: He wanted an annulment that the Pope refused to grant.
Question: How did the Council of Trent strengthen the Catholic Church?
Answer: It corrected abuses, improved clergy training, and reaffirmed Catholic doctrines.
Question: Which movement aimed to reform and defend the Catholic Church?
Answer: The Counter-Reformation.
Question: Why did many Protestant reformers want the Bible translated into local languages?
Answer: So ordinary people could read and interpret it themselves.
Question: Which event forced Luther to defend his beliefs before the Holy Roman Emperor in 1521?
Answer: The Diet of Worms.
Question: In which city did John Calvin establish a model Protestant community?
Answer: Geneva.
Question: The Council of Trent both reformed and defended the Catholic Church. Name one abuse it addressed and one belief it reaffirmed.
Answer: It addressed abuses such as the sale of indulgences and poor clergy education, while reaffirming beliefs such as the authority of the Pope, the seven sacraments, or salvation through faith and good works.
Question: Explain one similarity between the Reformation and Counter-Reformation.
Answer: Both sought religious reform and had a major impact on Christianity in Europe.
Question: How did the Reformation contribute to religious conflict in Europe?
Answer: It divided Christians into different denominations, leading to political and religious tensions.
Question: According to Luther, what was the only source of religious authority?
Answer: The Bible (Scripture alone).
Question: Compare Luther's and Calvin's beliefs. What important idea did Calvin emphasize more strongly?
Answer: Predestination.
Question: Why was the Counter-Reformation important for the survival of the Catholic Church in Europe?
Answer: It helped restore discipline within the Church, corrected abuses, clarified Catholic teachings, and strengthened the Church's position against the spread of Protestantism.
Question: Explain one major difference between the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation.
Answer: The Reformation challenged Catholic authority and created Protestant churches, while the Counter-Reformation defended and reformed the Catholic Church.
Question: Explain one long-term effect of the Reformation that can still be seen today.
Answer: The existence of many Christian denominations and the emphasis on individual interpretation of religious beliefs.