Political Transformations
What was the main goal of monarchs during the Renaissance?
To increase their power, limit the nobility, and control resources
Who invented the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg.
Name two key elements of Renaissance architecture.
Domes and columns
Renaissance painters aimed to portray an ideal beauty through which two SPECIFIC artistic qualities?
Idealism and serenity
Who started the Protestant Reformation in 1517?
Martin Luther
What type of monarchy emerged in the late 15th century
Authoritarian monarchy
What was the Renaissance movement that focused on human potential and reason?
Humanism.
What architectural element consists of ceilings with ornamental panels?
Coffered ceilings
What type of composition did artists seek to use during this period?
Triangular composition
What document did Martin Luther write to criticize the Catholic Church?
The Ninety-Five Theses
What is a bureaucracy, and how did it help monarchs?
A system for administering a country; it helped collect taxes and manage land.
How did the use of vernacular languages change Renaissance culture?
More people could read books and access knowledge.
What Renaissance architect designed the dome of Florence Cathedral?
Brunelleschi
Which artist sculpted Moses and was known for portraying intense emotions and force in his works?
Michelangelo
Name two of the causes of discontent with the Catholic Church before the Reformation.
The church’s wealth, inadequate training of the clergy, political and social interests of the upper clergy
Which two monarchs united Spain through marriage?
Isabella I of Castile & Ferdinand II of Aragón.
What were the main characteristics of humanism? Name at least 4 of the 6.
Classical culture, anthropocentrism, optimism, creativity, knowledge, critical thinking.
Name the types of floor plans used in Renaissance architecture.
Longitudinal and central floor plans.
What new type of sculpture became popular during the Renaissance, allowing people to view figures from all angles?
Freestanding sculptures
What is the term for buying forgiveness of sins, which Martin Luther opposed?
Indulgences
Name two institutions that helped monarchs centralize power.
Royal government, royal army, or diplomatic corps.
Name one famous humanist and their work.
Erasmus – The Praise of Folly, Thomas More – Utopia, Machiavelli – The Prince.
Which church’s facade features triangular pediments, friezes, and geometric designs?
Santa Maria Novella Basilica
What SPECIFIC technique, used in The School of Athens, arranges elements along imaginary lines that meet at a vanishing point?
Linear perspective
What was Luther’s belief about salvation?
Only faith can provide salvation (not good deeds or sacraments).