The Restoration
What 3 countries did the Holy Alliance include?
Austria, Prussia, Russia
What is a difference between moderate liberals and radical liberals of the 19th Century?
Who started the process of German unification in 1862?
Otto von Bismarck
What is "shared sovereignty"?
What was a consequence of Latin American independence for Spain?
Loss of hegemony over Latin America, loss of trade and power, economy suffered
What country became the main power in Europe after the Congress of Vienna?
Russia (it was given Finland, part of the Ottoman Empire, and part of Poland)
Why did the petite bourgeoisie, laborers, and peasants reject the limited male suffrage imposed by the wealthy bourgeoisie?
The limited male suffrage imposed by the wealthy bourgeoisie required property ownership in order to vote
What was the result of Italian unification (what form of government was created)?
Parliamentary monarchy - with Victor Emmanuel II as king in 1870
Why did Fernando VII proclaim the Pragmatic Sanction?
So that his daughter Isabel would become queen upon his death
Who was Simón Bolivar?
A Venezuelan military commander who made the independences of Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia possible
What were the four main powers that defeated Napoleon?
Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom
What is the difference between unification nationalism and separatist nationalism? Give an example of each.
Unification nationalism - advocated the unification of independent states with a common language and history, such as the various states of the Italian Peninsula
Separatist nationalism - advocated the independence for regions that formed part of multinational states, such as the Greeks, Serbians, and Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire
What were the outcomes of the liberal revolutions of the 1820s in Spain and Portugal?
Portugal was successful and created a constitutional monarchy
Spain was successful for 3 years (the Liberal Triennium) and then fell back into absolutism
What happened during the "liberal phase" of Fernando VII's reign?
Political instability, attempted military coups, one which was successful and forced Fernando VII to reinstate the Constitution of 1812
What were 2 of the causes of Latin American independence?
Enlightenment ideas, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Spanish War of Independence, Great Britain's financial assistance, Creole bourgeoisie wanted control of the colonies and an end to their dependence on Spain
When did the Congress of Vienna occur?
1814-1815
What does "separation of powers" mean according to 19th Century liberals?
Power divided so that executive power is held by the monarch and the government, legislative power is held by the cortes or parliament, and judicial power is held by the courts, no one branch of government can retain all power
What countries had successful liberal revolutions in 1830?
Belgium (from Holland) and France - both created constitutional monarchies
What architecture style developed from Romanticism in Spain?
Neo-Mudéjar, an example is Gran Teatro Falla in Cádiz
What country began to influence the new republics with Spanish influence now gone?
Great Britain
What 3 measures were created by the Congress of Vienna?
Absolute monarchies were reinstated, Europe's borders were changed, the European powers agreed to support any monarch who was threatened by revolution or an attempt to limit their power
Name 3 principles held by 19th Century liberals.
Constitutions, constitutional monarchy, separation of powers, popular sovereignty, individual liberties
What two European powers weakened by Italian and German unifications? And what became Europe's dominant power?
France and the Austro-Hungarian Empire
The German Empire
What is expropriation and how does it relate to Isabel II?
State confiscation of land belonging to the church, the nobility, and municipalities; in return, the owners were given money and then the state would sell the land at public auctions
Expropriation was implemented during Isabel II's reign in an effort to solve Spain's economic problems
What two Spanish colonies in the Americas did not gain independence in the first half of the 19th Century?
Cuba and Puerto Rico