The expansion of agriculture and trade
Name at least three new agricultural techniques.
The heavy plough that replaced the Roman plough.
Irrigation.
Three-field crop rotation.
Windmills and watermills
What is a guild?
An association of artisans of the same trade.
Why cities began to grow from the 11th century?
Agricultural innovations reduced the need for farm workers. This, along with the increase in population caused a surplus of agricultural labour. Many peasants went to the cities looking
for work. Others migrated to the cities to escape the servitude of their feudal master, because everyone who spent a year in a city was freed from their obligations as a serf.
What were the cathedral schools?
They were religious schools controlled by a bishop. The teachers, authorised by the bishop, mainly taught religious studies.
Name three reasons for the rise of the monarchies
The growth of cities and the increasing influence of the bourgeoisie helped to impose royal power on the nobles.
Economic growth meant the monarchies could collect more taxes and raise their own armies.
The spread of universities meant court officials, who restored Roman law, which granted moer power to the monarch.
How did they increase the available land for agricultural production?
Forest were cleared and wtland were drained.
What is the purpose of a guild?
Guilds offered support to members and protected them from competition from unqualified artisans. Only guild members could make and sell their products in the city.
What is the bourgeoisie?
The inhabitants of medieval cities.
What were the municipal schools?
They were established by city councils. They taught religion, liket the cathedral schools, but also offered reading writting, mathematics, etc.
What powers did medieval parliaments have?
Their main functions were to raise taxes and approve additional financing for wars. They were not democratic, because only the monarch, nobles, the clergy and government of the cities were represented. In addition, they only assembled at the monarch's request.
Merchants met regularly at...
Trade fairs.
What were the advantages and disadvantages of the guilds?
The advantages of the guilds were that they offered support to members and protected them from competition from unqualified artisans and checked quality and prices. The
disadvantages were that it was a very closed market, where free competition was not allowed and women could not be guild members.
What was a pogrom?
Persecutions and murders of Jewish people.
What was the meaning of "university" at first?
Originally, the word "university" meant an association of teacher and students in order to defend their autonomy and privileges, not a place to study.
List the main causes of confrontation between monarchs in the Middle Ages.
The main conflicts were disputes over inheritance rights, as was the case of the Hundred Years' War. Other conflicts were
caused by the desire to impose clear borders, and in others the monarchs fought with powerful nobles who did not want to submit to royal authority.
What is the name of the operation in which money was lent at high interest rates?
Credit
Name and explain the categories of artisan that existed.
Apprentices were young people who wanted to learn a trade and worked for a master artisan for several years for no salary.
Journeymen were men who worked for different masters and received a salary.
Masters were the owners of the workshop, tools and raw materials. An artisan had to make a masterpiece to become a master.
What is a city charter or fuero?
A legal document that established self-government for a city, and specified its rights and privileges.
Who was the head of the university?
The chancellor.
Why agricultural production slowed from the end of the 13th century?
Plants that were in high demand by the textile workshops had replaced many food crops. The creation of new farmland had stopped and soils had become poor due to intensive farming.
The main problems were greater rainfall and flooding, which led to the loss of many crops.
The effects were increased prices of agricultural products and supply crises in the cities. Hunger and malnutrition spread quickly.
Written contracts for commercial transactions without the need of coins.
Bills of exchange
What is a guild statute?
It is the foundational document that defines the rules, structure, and purpose of a craft or merchant association. Contained:
The rules of the trade (materials, quality, prices).
A system of aid for members (they paid contributions for that).
What are the mendicant orders?
New religious orders with a basic rule based on a life of poverty and living off the aid the received. There were two: Franciscans and Dominicans.
Who run each faculty?
The dean.
Explain the causes of the social tensions of the 14th century.
Monarchs forced peasants to serve in their armies, which
meant they were often away in spring and summer when the
crops needed to be sown and harvested respectively. The war
caused destruction and the loss of harvests. Monarchs, the nobility and the clergy raised taxes to compensate for lost income. There were many violent peasant rebellions throughout Europe. The most impoverished groups demanded better salaries and working conditions.