Schools pt. I
What is busing?
The literal vehicle of integration. A necssary tool for integration to overcome entrenched residential segration by physically trnsporting students out of their neighborhoods.
Where did Busing work "the best" and why?
The South. It worked because all three branches of government participated in integration efforts. (Think about how all three branches enforced integration explicitly)
What is Jail?
incarceration for people charged with a misdemeanor offense. (infractions with sentences less than 1 year)
The decline of manufacturing jobs and factory closures due to automation and globalization is referred to as this economic process...
What is Deindustrialization?
What is Prison?
incarceration for people charged and convicted for a felony offense. (1 year or more behind bars)
What decision came from the Milliken v Bradley case? (1974)
Integration could not be enforced across district borders.
What is the most segregated region in the country? In terms of schools?
The North. (2/3 of African American students in New York State attend hyper-segregated schools (i.e.school that are 90% minority)
What is Federal Prison?
incarceration for people charged with white-collar crimes where the crime crosses state lines.
This economic shift involved business moving their manufacturing operations from urban centers to rural areas...
What is decentralization?
When did school integration peak?
at 44% in 1989
What is Massive Resistance? Where did it occur, and what strategies did they use?
a collection of laws passed in response to the Brown v. Board of Education decision that aggressively tried to forestall and prevent school integration.
Who is Richard Carranza? What did he do?
New York Public School Chancellor. Richard Carranza advocated for school integration in NYC by supporting changes to specialized high school admissions, promoting district-wide diversity plans, implementing implicit bias training, and addressing inequities in remote learning during COVID-19. (IMPORTANTLY: pushback from parents dismantled the integration process)
How many people are currently incarcerated?
approximately 1.9 million people are incarcerated.
This workplace policy was considered race-neutral but contributed to labor market discrimination? How?
What is Seniority? Black works were always the last hired and the first to go, resulting in extreme job instability.
This income group experienced a 23.9% increase in cumulative real annual earnings from 1979 to 2018...
What are the bottom 90%
What fraction of U.S. Public School students attend schools where at least 1/2 of the students are their race or ethnicity?
2/3
What is Prince Edward County, VA?
A city in Virginia that closed schools for 5 years to avoid integration (a strategy of Massive Resistance in the South)
When did the population of incarcerated people peak?
1% of the adult population were incarcerated between 2005 and 2008. approximately 1/100 people.
This 1947 Act, which overrode a presidential veto, allowed states to pass "right-to-work" laws and banned "closed shop" provisions.
What is the Taft-Hartley Act?
The income gap between Black and White workers has shrunk mildly due to movements like BLM and advocacy for this hourly minimum wage...
What is the Fight for 15?
What was Freedom Day? (1964)
Feb. 3, 1964, 464,000 New York City school children, almost half of the city’s student body— boycotted school as part of a protest against school segregation.
What is Normandy High School
A high school in St. Louis, MO, known for being the alma mater of Michael Brown and part of the Normandy Schools Collaborative. It lost its accreditation in 2013 and then changed to "non-accredited" after the state took control of it.
What is the fraction of people working at Walmart or incarcerated during the peak of incarceration?
1/50 people were either working at Walmart or incarcerated.
This 1935 Act legalized collective bargaining and provided a governing framework for organized workers to negotiate with employers
What is the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)?
This term refers to laws that prohibit requiring workers to pay union dues while still reaping union benefits, often weakening union power...
What is "right-to-work" legislation?