Psychology's Beginnings
According to the APA, this is the scientific study of the mind and behavior
What is psychology?
This school focused on observable behavior and thought that all behavior is learned
What is behaviorism?
A stimulus is added to increase a desired behavior
What is positive reinforcement?
Student of Wundt who used introspection to try to map the structure of consciousness (structuralism)
Who is Edward Titchener?
The view that behavior is shaped by biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors
What is the biopsychosocial model?
The two basic philosophical positions about mind and body: one says they’re separate, the other says they’re the same
What are dualism and monism?
Pavlov’s procedure with dogs is the classic example of this kind of associative learning
What is classical conditioning?
A stimulus is added to decrease an undesirable behavior
What is positive punishment?
Denied a Harvard doctorate but later became the first female APA president; she did research on memory and paired associations
Who is Mary Whiton Calkins?
The branch that links brain activity to cognition (perception, memory, language)
What is cognitive neuroscience?
He’s credited with opening the first psychology research lab in Leipzig in 1879
Who is Wilhelm Wundt?
B.F. Skinner studied this kind of conditioning that focuses on consequences (reinforcement & punishment
What is operant conditioning?
A stimulus is removed in order to increase a desirable behavior
What is negative reinforcement?
This therapist emphasized the therapeutic relationship, empathy, and unconditional positive regard (famously worked with ‘Client Gloria’)
Who is Carl Rogers?
This type of research is focused on solving real-world problems
What is applied research?
This early research method used by Titchener asked participants to report their immediate sensations and experiences in reaction to stimuli
What is introspection?
This approach emphasizes free will, personal growth, and self-actualization (think Rogers & Maslow)
What is humanistic psychology?
A learned association in which a neutral stimulus comes to trigger a response after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
What is classical conditioning?
He proposed the cognitive triad theory of depression, which describes how depressed people tend to view the self, the world, and the future
Who is Aaron Beck?
This type of research aims to add to the general knowledge base
What is basic research?
The thinker who emphasized function over structure and asked how mental processes help people adapt (inspired by Darwin)
Who is William James?
This perspective returned mental processes to scientific study in the 1960s, focusing on information processing, memory, and thinking
What is cognitive psychology?
This is what you would call the whistle after conditioning has occurred in Pavlov's famous dog experiment
What is the conditioned stimulus?
This is at the top of Maslow's hierarchy
What is self-actualization?
This idea describes people’s tendency to return to a baseline level of happiness after positive or negative events
What is the hedonic treadmill?