The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton and Anatomical Directional Terms
Using an example, define the anatomical term lateral. (1 mark)
The anatomical term for lateral is a bone that is farther way from the body's middle. For example, the radius is lateral to the sternum.
Outline the Function of a Ligament in the shoulder Joint. (1 mark)
Attach bone to bone and provide strength/ stability to a joint.
Define the term joint. (1 mark)
State the type of Joint that is found at the distal end of the femur. (1 mark)
Hinge joint
Using anatomical terminology, state the location of the tibia relative to the fibula. (1 mark)
Medial
-Inferior: Below or further away from the head
-Superior: Above or nearer to the head
Outline two types of connective tissues of joint. (2 marks)
Tendonds
-Connect bone to muscle
-Allows for movement of joint
Ligaments
-Connects bone to bone
-Allows for movement of joint
State the most stable and the least stable types of joints. (2 marks)
MOST Stable: fibrous
LEAST Stable: Synovial
Using a sporting example, describe the movement of flexion. (2 marks)
Kicking the ball forward is an example of friction, that movement where the leg goes forward.
Throwing a ball, when the hand bends to throw the ball.
Describe the difference between the structure of long bones and short bones. (2 marks)
Long Bones
-Long bones have a structure in which their length is greater than their width
-Long bones are cylindrical in shape
Short Bones-Short bones have a structure in which their width is greater than their length
-Short bones are cube like in shape
Outline the anatomical directions during volleyball. (3 marks)
1. Anterior (front)
• When a player reaches forward with both arms to bump or dig the ball, the arms move in the anterior direction.
2. Posterior (back)
• When a player leans backward to set up for a serve or arch their back for a spike, the torso moves posteriorly.
3. Superior (above)
• During a jump serve or block, the arms move superiorly as they raise above the head.
State three types of bones. (3 marks)
-Long bones
-Short bones
-Flat bones
Using examples from the human body, distinguish between the fibrous and synovial joints. (3 marks)
Fibrous joint:
-No movement
-Connected by a fibrous tissue
-Where a tooth attaches to the jaw
Synovial joint:
-Freely Moving
-Connected by a synovial tissue
-Where the radius connects to the carpals
Identify the type of joint movement when the hand is stretched out moving upward and downward, the axis of rotation and the plane of movement for the shoulder joint. (3 marks)
Joint movement: Flexion
Axis of Rotation: Frontal Axis
Plane of movement: Sagittal axis
Distinguish anatomically between the axial and appendicular skeleton. (3 marks)
Axial Skeleton
- Composed of 80 bones: skull (cranium), vertebral column, sternum, and rib cage.
- Forms the central core of the body.
- Main function: protection of vital organs (brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs).
Appendicular Skeleton
- Composed of 126 bones: limbs (arms and legs) and girdles (shoulder and pelvic).
- Attaches to the axial skeleton.
- Main function: movement and locomotion, allowing interaction with the environment.
Using an example, outline the function of the axial and appendicular skeleton during physical activity. (4 marks)
During different activities, the axial and appendicular skeletons each perform distinct functions: when you hold a yoga tree pose, the vertebral column of the axial skeleton provides upright support and balance: during a boxing jab, the ribcage of the axial skeleton shield the heart and lungs, delivering vital protection as you sprint for a bus. During a bicep curl, the appendicular skeleton provides attachment points for muscles. During a marathon, the red bone marrow from the long bones performs blood cell production, supplying muscles with oxygen.
With examples, describe the different types of bones. (4 marks)
-Long bone: Humerus- Cylindrical like bone
-Short bone: Carpals- Small cubed like bone
-Flat bone: Vertebrae- Curved flat bone
-Irregular bone: Coccyx- For Irregular bones, its structure varies depending on function and location.
Distinguish between different types of synovial joints. (4 marks)
Ball and Socket
- Rounded bone end fits into a cup-shaped socket.
- Multiaxial
- Shoulder
-Hip
Hinge
- Convex surface fits into concave surface.
- Uniaxial
- Elbow
-Knee
Pivot
- One bone rotates within a ring formed by another bone/ligament.
- Uniaxial
- Atlas and axis (neck)
- Radius and ulna (forearm).
Condyloid
- Oval-shaped bone end fits into a shallow cavity.
- Biaxial
- Wrist joint
-Knuckles (metacarpophalangeal)
Using examples from soccer, describe the following movements: Hip flexion, Plantarflexion, Knee extension and shoulder flexion. (4 marks)
Hip Flexion: When a player swings their leg forward to kick the ball, the hip flexes to bring the thigh up and forward.
Plantarflexion: When a player pushes off the ground to sprint or strikes the ball with their laces, the ankle plantarflexes as the toes point down.
Knee Extension: When a player follows through after kicking the ball, the knee extends to straighten the leg fully.
Shoulder flexion: When a player raises their arm to theow the ball from the sideline, the shoulder flexes to lift the arm overhead.
Outline bones that compose the axial skeleton. (4 marks)
1. Cranium (Skull)
• Protects the brain and supports facial structures.
2. Vertebral Column (Spine)
• Provides support and houses the spinal cord.
3. Thoracic Cage (Ribs)
• Protects the heart and lungs, assists with breathing.
4. Sternum (Breastbone)
• Connects ribs at the front, adds strength to the rib cage.
Describe the 5 functions of the skeleton. (5 marks)
-Attachment points for muscles
-Protection of vital organs
-Support and maintenance of posture
-Storage and release of minerals
-Blood cell production
Describe the structural features of a hiker's femur. (5 marks)
-Articular Cartilage: Found on the end of the femur to reduce friction between 2 bones.
-Epiphysis: The ends of the long bones in this case the femur.
-Diaphysis: The middle section of the bone.
-Compact Bone: Found in the lower section of the middle and it's denser.
-Spongey bone: Found in the bottom of the bone and it had larger cells.
The bursae helps prevent friction at the knee. Outline 5 other features of a synovial joint. (5 marks)
-Menisci: A disc shaped fibrocartilage pad that provides padding between bones and provides stability.
-Articular Cartilage: Smooth white tissue that covers the ends of the bones. It reduces friction.
-Synovial Membrane: Lines the capsule and secrets the synovial fluid. Allows flexibility and movement.
-Joint cavity: In between bones and allows movement.
Outline the types of movement possible at the hip joint. (5 marks)
-Abduction: Moving lateral to the body
-Adduction: Moving back medial to the body
-Flexion: Moving forward from the midline
-Circumduction: Moving in a circular motion while the hip remains in the same place
-Medial Rotation: Rotating the tight inward toward the midline of the body
Outline the features of synovial joint. (5 marks)
Articular Cartilage
- Smooth, white tissue covering the ends of bones.
- Reduces friction, absorbs shock, and protects bone surfaces.
Joint Cavity
- Space between the articulating bones filled with synovial fluid.
- Allows free movement of the joint.
Articular Capsule
- Sleeve‑like structure surrounding the joint.
- Provides strength and flexibility, preventing dislocation.
Synovial Membrane & Fluid
- Membrane lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid.
- Fluid lubricates the joint, reduces friction, and nourishes cartilage.
Menisci
-Discs that improve fit between bones, add cushioning and stability.
-Distributes weight evenly across the joint to reduce wear and tear