Industry
What were the four most significant industries of the late 19th century?
railroads, steel, oil, and meatpacking
To what does "Social Darwinism" refer?
Herbert Spencer applied Darwin's "natural selection" to society, coining the term, "survival of the fittest." William Graham Sumner considered the importance of this in a capitalist economy.
What did a "muckraker" do, and who was a classic example during the Progressive era?
Journalists who raised awareness of problems like political corruption, bad working & living conditions, etc.; Upton Sinclair in The Jungle
What is yellow journalism, and what is an example?
When the press exaggerates a situation to gain support for a cause; the sinking of the USS Maine
Map 100 (blue)
Cuba, Spain, North Korea
Who were two significant steel magnates, and how did they become so successful in their respective industries?
Andrew Carnegie—conducting business in all aspects of the steel industry from mining to production; John D. Rockefeller—having a monopoly on the refining business in the oil industry
To what does "mass culture" refer? What was/were its complicating factor(s)?
Mass culture was the enjoyment of different trends in consumption across the nation. There were differences, however, based on one's class, ethnicity, gender, etc.
Who were the Progressives, and who was a classic example? What is something this person did to help?
Educated, middle-class women (and men); Jane Addams created the Hull House in Chicago to offer social services
Which two presidents were known for their involvement in American expansion abroad at the turn of the century?
William McKinley (Spanish-American War & Philippine-American War) and Theodore Roosevelt (Philippine-American War & Panama Canal)
Map 200 (pink)
Germany, Philippines
Explain urbanization. What other process was it interconnected with, and where did people come from?
Urbanization was the growth of cities that occurred alongside the growth of industry. Internal migration and immigration contributed to this.
What court case gave a constitutional blessing to segregation? How so?
Plessy v. Ferguson - "separate but equal"
Who was William Jennings Bryan, and what was he known for/interested in pursuing?
A Populist/Democrat who ran in the 1896 election after giving his "Cross of Gold" Speech—in pursuit of "free silver."
What are the two contrasting viewpoints on American expansion abroad?
Some who were "expansionists" saw it as a natural outgrowth of American tradition and an industrial free-market economy; "anti-imperialists" saw it as colonialism—unnecessary conquering of people.
Map 300 (orange)
Brazil, France, North Korea
What were two violent confrontations between workers and employers that show an escalation of the tension industrialization created in the late 19th century? Why were labor unions unable to succeed during the Gilded Age?
Homestead Riot, 1892 and the Pullman Strike, 1894; the violence labor unions became associated with prevented them from achieving their goals.
What happened in 1882 that reflected a particular sentiment among some Americans—so much so that their efforts were even referred to as a movement?
The Chinese Exclusion Act was a result of nativism.
What were the two approaches to Progressivism, and what are two examples of each?
nurture (legislation for working class reform or settlement houses); nature (eugenics movement)
What was the Roosevelt Corollary, and whose speech did it build on?
In his annual message to Congress in 1823, James Monroe declared that Europe was no longer permitted to colonize the American continents. Theodore Roosevelt amended this to confirm that Americans would, in fact, intervene if necessary.
Map 400 (green)
Cuba, Poland, India, Vietnam
According to "Gospel of Wealth," what are three ways of dispensing wealth? Which way did the author prefer? Who was the author?
leaving to heirs; leaving it to the state upon death; spending it while alive—Carnegie preferred the latter, hoping that those with surplus ealth would create institutions like libraries that would help improve people's lives (not just blindly offer charity).
Who were three civil rights activists of the late 19th century, and what were their interests/approaches?
Ida B. Wells - anti-lynching; Booker T. Washington - education & socioeconomic progress first; W.E.B. Du Bois - immediate political participation led by the "talented 10th"
Who were the parties and candidates represented in the Election of 1912? What was so unique about it?
Every candidate was progressive! Taft - Republican, Roosevelt - "Bull Moose," Wilson - Democrat, Eugene v. Debs - Socialist
What was the nickname for the Spanish-American War? What four territories did Spain cede afterwards?
"a splendid little war;" Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines
Map 500 (purple)
Columbia, Puerto Rico, England, Sweden, Japan