Spain's Catholic Crusade
French Wars of Religion
Thirty Years War
English Civil War
Extra
100

Who was the Ruler during this time (1556-98) and what were his goals?

Phillip 2

Fanatically sought to re-impose Catholicism in Europe

100

What started the French Wars of Religion? Who did it go to? (family name)

the death of Henry 2 in 1559 created a power struggle between three noble families for the Crown (Valois dynasty)

100

What was the cause of the Thirty Year's war?

Failure of the Peace of Augsburg

100

What was a long-term cause of the English Civil War?

Since the reign of the Stuart king James 1. there had been struggle between the king and Parliament regarding taxation and civil liberties

100

What was the Treaty of Westphalia? What did it end?

it renewed the Peace of Augsburg but added Calvinism as a politically accepted faith

ended the Catholic Reformation in Germany

200

What was the Battle of Lepanto

Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece (bc of Muslims)

200

What religion did the nobles convert to and why?

40-50% of nobles became Calvinists(huguenots) sought to maintain independence from the crown

200

What triggered the war in Bohemia? What was it?

Defenestration of Prague: two HRE officials were thrown out a window and fell 70 feet. The emperor then sought to annihilate the Calvinist nobility in Bohemia

200

How did Charles 1 rule? What is an example of this? Why was he the reason of the English Civil War?

1. as an absolute monarch

2. raised money using taxation

3. he persecuted the puritans

200

What institution was a major blow to Phillip's plan of maintaining Catholicism throughout his empire?

The United Provinces of the Netherlands

300

Who led the Dutch revolt and what was it against?(1568-1648)

William 1 of Orange

In response to the Spanish Inquisition

- sought to crush the rise of Calvinism in the Netherlands

300

What was St.Bartholomew Day Massacre? What caused it? What did it initiate?

1. The marriage of Margaret of Valois to the bourbon Huguenot Henry of Navarre was intended to reconcile Catholics and Hugenots. 200,000 Huguenots were killed by early October

2. Rioting occured when the leader of the Catholic Aristocracy, Henry of Guise, had a leader of the huguenot party murdered the night before the wedding, and in response Catherin de Medici ordered the massacre of Calivinists.

3. started the war of the Three Henrys

300

Who was Albrecht von Wallenstein? Why is he important?

1. a mercenary general who was paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE

- he invaded northern Germany and won a number of important battles against Protestant armies

300

What was the position of the Cavaliers and Roundheads?

Cavaliers: supported the king

Roundheads(calvinists): opposed the kings

300

What confirmed the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire?

The Treaty of Westphalia

400

Why is there competitions between Catholic Spain and Protestant England (think rulers and religion)

Queen Mary Tudor(married to Phillip 2) tried to reimpose Catholicism in England, but Queen Elizabeth 1 reversed Mary's course via Elizabethan Settlement. Elizabeth later refused Phillips request for marriage and helped the Protestant Netherlands against Spain.

400

Just like Elizabeth 1, what was Henry of Navarre know for being? Why?

1. politique

2. he sought practical political solutions (edict of nantes)

400

Who was Gustavus Adolphus?

1. King of Sweden: he led an army that pushed catholic forces back to bohemia

400

Who was Oliver Cromwell and was he the leader of?

a fiercely puritan independent and military leader of the roundheads
400

What was the Edict of Restitution?

The emperor declared all church territories that had been secularized since 1552 to be automatically restored to the Catholic Church

500

What caused the Spanish Armada and what was the outcome?

1. When Phillip sought revenge for Englands support of the Dutch; also sought to make England Catholic again.

2. Spains attempt ended in disaster, much of Spains navy lay in ruins due to a raging storm in the English Channel as well as the effectiveness of Englands smaller but better armed army.

500

What was the Edict of Nantes?

1. granted a decree of religious toleration to the Huguenots and ushered in an era of religious pluralism

- permitted Huguenots the right to worship privately

- gave Huguenots access to universities, to public office, and the right to maintain their fortified towns

500

Who was Cardinal Richelieu in regards to the French Phase? Why was he important?

Cardinal Richelieu: part of the french phase and allied with the Protestant forces to defeat protestant forces to defeat the HRE

- his policies reflected Catholic France's paramount diplomatic concerns as political, not religious

500

How many times did Charles 1 dissolve parliament?

2

500

Who lead the New Model Army?

Oliver Cromwell