Vocabulary 🔤
What does this phrase mean (in English):
'be regarded as A'
To be thought of as A.
To be seen as A.
Why do namahage come to scare children?
To make sure they stay well-behaved.
Fix the 2 mistakes in this sentence:
Due to the smallening population, fewer and fewest communities still maintain them.
Due to the shrinking population, fewer and fewer communities still maintain them.
Who is Santa Claus modeled on? Who does he arrive with in Austria?
He is modeled on Saint Nicholas.
In Austria, he arrives with Krampus.
What is another way to say 'hand down'?
Pass on/pass down
Create a sentence using these words:
masked, visitors, represent
Example:
The masked visitors represent a tradition of keeping children well-behaved.
What beings similar to namahage are found in Austria and Bulgaria?
Austria - Krampus
Bulgaria - Kukeri
Find three comparatives (比較級)
Part 2 - kinder
Part 3 - closer
Part 4 - fewer, more
What are kukeri said to do?
Find a sentence that describes how people treated spirits long ago.
'We must treat the spirits like special guests...'
'The rest of the community welcomed them with food and drink.'
Which words have similar meanings to:
unusual
frightening
cherished
uncommon, strange
scary
liked, loved, important
Who took the role of spirits in winter traditions long ago?
When do Saint Nicholas and Krampus visit children?
Young men took the role.
On the night of December 5th.
Create a sentence about winter festivals using the following conditional word (条件):
Unless
Example:
Namahage traditions will disappear unless something changes.
Describe what namahage look like.
They have horns, long hair, straw coats, knives and masks.
Describe why people created winter traditions long ago.
- People thought spirits came to the human world in winter.
- They though the spirits might do something bad to them.
Create a sentence using these words:
idea, outsiders, criticized
Example:
The idea to have outsiders play the namahage has been criticized.
Why can't some communities keep the namahage traditions?
What did people long ago think happened in the winter season?
They thought spirits came to the human world and did bad things.
What are the comparative (比較級) and superlative (最上級) forms of these words:
bad
fun
slow
bad - worse, worst
fun - more fun, most fun
slow - slower, slowest
How do people treat the namahage when they come to their house? Why is this?
- They welcome them in with food and sake
- They are believed to bring good fortune/keep children well-behaved.
Describe 2 problems facing people who are trying to keep the namahage tradition alive.
The shrinking population.
Some people do not want outsiders playing the role of namahage.
Find four adjectives (形容詞) in part 1
and...
Find four verbs (動詞) in part 3.
Adjectives in part 1:
final, strange, scary, masked, long, naughty, young, practical, rowdy, good, happy,
Verbs in part 3:
featuring, begin, lived, do, lost, believed, needed, performed, keep, happening, treat, thought, harm, took, wearing, welcomed, completing, look, evolved
Where did many of today's winter festivals evolve from?
What do adults on Oga Peninsula think of namahage?
When do kukeri parade through the streets in Bulgaria?
From winter beliefs and traditions long ago.
They think they are a good way to keep children well-behaved. They respect them.
When the new year begins.
Create a sentence using concession (譲歩).
Example: Although Kukeri look strange, they are actually friendly characters.
Useful words: Although, even though, even if
Examples:
Even though they will lose their traditions, some people don't want outsiders to join them.
Even if we welcome the spirits, bad things may still happen.
Name one thing that Krampus and one thing that Kukeri have in common with namahage.
- Krampus looks as scary as the namahage
- Krampus makes naughty children behave
- Kukeri bring good luck
- Kukeri are welcomed into people's homes
Do you think we should try to keep traditions alive, or accept that some will disappear?
Keep them alive because:
- People of the past worked hard to keep them
- They are a key part of communities
Accept they'll disappear because:
- Having outsiders do it means it isn't the same
- New traditions can be made