ICF Model
Impairments fall into what category of the ICF model?
ie. body functions & structures
activities
participation
environmental factors
personal factors
body functions and structures
Neural-Maturationist theory promotes what type of behavior?
Ontogeny behavior - intrinsic property of the organism, with maturation leading to an unfolding of predetermined patterns, supported, but not fundamentally altered by the enviornment
What are the 4 stages of cognitive development and their age ranges?
sensorimotor (0-2yrs)
preoperational (2-7yrs)
concrete operational (7-11yrs)
formal operational (>11yrs)
According to dynamic systems theory behaviors are linear or nonlinear?
nonlinear - the output of the system is not proportional to the input
What is the difference between crying "a lot" vs infant colic
infant colic is when a baby has long periods of irritability, fussing, and crying without and obvious cause nor any sign of failure to thrive, fever or illness
difficulties performing appropriate tasks or actions
Functional behaviors appear in a ______ fashion as the nervous system matures
linear
Briefly describe preoperational stage of cognitive development:
Symbolic thinking, syntax/grammar to express concepts. Imagination/intuition are still strong. Abstract thinking is hard.
Describe the principle of self-organization in terms of the dynamic systems theory
a system of individual parts come together and behave collectively in an ordered way
no need for 'higher center' issuing instructions or commands
No -> studies have no significant statistical results
What are participation restrictions?
problems in involvement in life situations
What is the hierarchical maturation model?
complex behaviors correspond to the maturation of higher levels of the nervous system
top-down approach
Children actively interpret the world by 2 main processes:
assimilation - experience acting on the world with sensorimotor schemata
accommodation - creating new patterns of understanding of the world, repetitions were required to adapt previous schemata so the new behavior can emerge
When a control parameter reaches a critical value what does it cause the system to do what?
Change the behavior
for example velocity is a control parameter, as velocity increases walking is no longer an appropriate behavior, the behavior will change to a trot next
Synergistic muscle groups work together to simply the control of what
degrees of freedom
What is the difference between environmental and personal factors?
environmental factors make up the physical, social, and attitudinal environments in which people live
personal factors are the particular background of the individuals life and living that are not part of a health condition or disorder
ie. gender, race/ethnicity, age, fitness, lifestyle, etc.
Neural control of movement is explained as
correlations between changes in behavior and changes in the nervous system
Object Permanence is a cognitive skill applied to form and retain mental representations for items that are relevant during working memory and mental encoding of objects. With this knowledge recall the A-not-B error:
A “typical” sequence:
1. Infants (7-8mos or younger) fail to retrieve an object hidden from their view.
2. After 8mos, infants retrieve hidden objects. However, if an object retrieved from location A is
moved to location B => infants search again in location A; even if infants clearly see that the
object is now placed in B (i.e., ‘A-not-B error’)
3. A-not-B error is overcome at 11–12 months = infants systematically search in the last place they
saw the object disappear.
optimal function
variability allows for a variable and flexible movement pattern that is modifiable
Describe the 3 stages of motor learning approach
stage 1: freezing DOF to increase intersegmental dependency
stage 2: releasing and reogranizing DOF to uncouple and couple structures creating synergies
stage 3: exploiting systems mechanics using torque
What are the F-words in childhood disability?
fitness, function, friendships, family, fun
Neural Maturation theory is strongly influenced by the structure-function perspective and Sherrington's reflex chaining theory which are both agree that the basis for early motor skills (rolling or crawling) and primitive reflexes are controlled by older neural structures. This is know as:
phylogenesis
What is the difference between closed-loop control of movement and open-loop control of movement? provide examples
bonus: generalized motor programs (GMP) expand on the idea of which loop?
Closed loop of control of movement has an inherent delay for feedback example: skiing
Open loop control does not have feedback (GMP allows for)
example: baseball
What is distributed model of control?
movement occurs throughout the interaction of different subsystems working cooperatively to achieve it
Motor adaptability is what?
capacity to adjust motor behaviors to new conditions so that the action goal can be attained