Mix and Match
What is the stage where children learn through senses and actions?
Sensorimotor Stage
During which stage do children begin to think symbolically and use language?
Pre operational Stage
What concept explains the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with help?
Zone of Proximal Development
In which stage do preschoolers learn to take initiative or feel guilty?
Initiative vs. Guilt
What moral dilemma did Kohlberg use to study reasoning?
Heinz Dilemma
Which theorist emphasized social interaction in learning?
Lev Vygotsky
What is object permanence?
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen.
What is the term for the support given by teachers or peers to help a learner accomplish a task?
Scaffolding
What is the main conflict faced by adolescents?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
What stage focuses on maintaining social order and law?
Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
Which theorist developed eight stages across the lifespan?
Erik Erickson
What term describes when a child focuses on one aspect of a situation and ignores others?
Centration
What did Vygotsky believe plays a key role in cognitive development?
Social Interaction
What stage involves adults contributing to society through work and family?
Generativity vs. Stagnation
What is the highest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg?
Postconventional level
Kohlberg used _______ideas about stages of moral reasoning to develop his own stages of moral development, expanding on how children and adolescents reason about ethical dilemmas
Piaget's
A teacher gives her students different-sized containers of water and asks them to determine whether the amount of water changes when poured into a taller glass. Some students insist the taller glass has “more water,” while others say it’s the same amount.
Which Piagetian concept is being tested, and what does students’ reasoning reveal about their stage of development?
Conservation
In Vygotsky’s theory, this term refers to the person — such as a teacher, peer, or even a digital tool — who provides guidance and support to help a learner master a new concept within their Zone of Proximal Development.
What is the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)?”
middle school teacher encourages students to try new activities, join clubs, and express their personal interests. Some students feel confident in their choices, while others are unsure of who they are.
Which Erikson stage is being supported
Identity vs Role Confusion
A student says, “I won’t cheat on the exam because if everyone cheated, grades wouldn’t mean anything.”
According to Kohlberg, which stage of moral reasoning does this reflect, and what moral level does it belong to?
ocial Contract Orientation, part of the Postconventional Level, where moral decisions are guided by societal principles and the greater good?”
Complete the statement
Piaget → _________ → Kohlberg → _________
Cognitive development, moral development stages
During a classroom observation, a student teacher notices that her 11-year-old students can reason about hypothetical situations, like “What would happen if gravity stopped working?” They use logic that doesn’t rely on hands-on experience.
According to Piaget, which stage of development are these students in, and what key cognitive ability allows this kind of thinking?
What is the Formal Operational Stage, where abstract and hypothetical reasoning allows students to think beyond concrete experiences?
What is the virtue for the following stages according to Erickson?
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Purpose, Competency, fidelity
A teacher encourages students to work in small groups where stronger readers help their peers understand a story. The teacher circulates, asking guiding questions and offering hints only when needed.
Which two Vygotskian concepts does this approach demonstrate, and how do they support learning?
ZPD and Scaffolding
A teacher holds weekly class meetings where students discuss real-life dilemmas—like fairness in grading or inclusion in group work—and justify their choices.
According to Kohlberg, how does this instructional strategy promote moral development?
What is fostering moral reasoning by exposing students to higher stages of thinking and encouraging perspective-taking through moral dialogue?”