Behaviorism
This type of reinforcement adds something pleasant to increase a behavior
What is positive reinforcement?
This is the process of fitting new information into existing schemas.
What is assimilation?
This term describes the difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Constructivism states that students build knowledge based on this.
What is prior knowledge / prior experience?
This theory explains how people interpret the causes of their successes and failures.
What is Attribution Theory?
Skinner used this device to study operant conditioning with rats and pigeons.
What is a Skinner Box?
This stage (ages 7–11) allows children to think logically but not abstractly.
What is the concrete operational stage?
Support provided by a teacher or peer to help a learner succeed is called this.
What is scaffolding?
Learning through hands-on exploration is known as this type of learning.
What is experiential learning / hands-on learning / discovery learning?
Attribution theory includes three dimensions: locus of control, stability, and this.
What is controllability?
This learning process occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a response.
What is classical conditioning?
Piaget said children learn through this process of balancing assimilation and accommodation.
What is equilibration?
According to Vygotsky, this plays a central role in shaping cognitive development.
What is social interaction?
This happens when students revise their misconceptions based on new experiences.
What is accommodation / conceptual change?
When a student says, “I failed because I didn’t study enough,” they are making this type of attribution.
What is an internal, controllable attribution?
A teacher removes homework when students behave well. This is an example of what?
What is negative reinforcement?
In this earliest stage, infants learn object permanence.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
This term refers to how children learn by interacting with more knowledgeable peers or adults.
What is guided participation / modeling?
This form of constructivism emphasizes students working together to build shared understanding.
What is social constructivism / collaborative learning?
Attributing success to luck or task ease is an example of this dimension of attribution.
What is a stable vs. unstable cause (or specifically, external-stable) depending on context?
This behaviorist believed all behavior is shaped entirely by the environment and not by internal mental processes.
What is operant conditioning?
The ability to think about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations develops in which stage of development?
What is the formal operational stage?
Vygotsky believed this tool of culture is essential for higher-level thinking.
What are cultural tools (e.g., language, symbols, writing)?
This advanced form of constructivism emphasizes that students construct knowledge together through discussion, collaboration, and shared problem-solving rather than learning individually.
What is social constructivism?
A teacher encourages a student to view mistakes as controllable and changeable, rather than fixed. This approach is based on this concept in attribution theory.
What is encouraging controllable attributions / promoting a growth mindset?