Piaget
Piaget's first stage of child development, from birth to 2.
What is sensorimotor stage of development?
For bonus points: What are primary, secondary, and tertiary circular reactions?
Playing totally alone.
What is solitary play?
For bonus points: Is solitary play always a sign of immaturity? Why?
The founder of Child Life.
Who is Emma Plank?
For bonus points: Compare play therapy and therapeutic play?
Development reflects the evolutionary progression of the entire human species.
What is recapitulation theory?
For bonus points: Provide an argument for and against this theory.
A child believes that their favorite toy does not exist anymore after their mom places it in the cabinet.
What is a lack of object permanence?
For bonus points: Compare object permanence to theory of mind.
The processes of adaptation.
What are assimilation and accommodation?
For bonus points: Explain the difference between assimilation and accommodation.
They fall into Erikson's stage of identity versus confusion.
Who are adolescents?
For bonus points: What are 3 needs of an adolescent.
The space between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with experienced adults or peers.
What is the zone of proximal development?
For bonus points: How does the ZPD relate to the idea of scaffolding?
A civilization where children were seen as naturally playful and play was encouraged.
What is Ancient Greece?
For bonus points: How did the Greek view of children differ from the view during the Renaissance?
A child is playing soccer because his dad really wants him to and he takes him for ice cream after every game (even though the child doesn't like soccer).
What is an example of extrinsic motivation? (and therefore not play)
For bonus points: Explain the 5 essential characteristics of play according to Rubin, Fein, & Vandenberg (1983).
Piaget says children engage in this to assimilate reality to their interests.
What is make-believe play?
For bonus points: When is the "golden age of make-believe?"
A need for order, a need to belong, and a need for industry.
What are the needs of a school-aged child?
For bonus points: How do these needs impact play in this stage?
The mind of a newborn as a blank slate.
What is tabula rasa?
For bonus points: How does this idea relate to the Protestant view of play?
This group viewed children as representing hope for the future and saw play as a distraction from their studies.
Who are the Puritans?
For bonus points: How does this view compare to that of the American colonies in the 1700s?
In a play therapy setting, you paraphrase what the child says and relay a running record of the child's expressions.
What is restatement of content?
For bonus points: What is the difference between restatement of content and reflection of feelings?
Thinking becomes more logical, children begin to understand conservation, and they can use inductive reasoning.
What is the concrete operational stage?
For bonus points: How is the formal operational stage different from the concrete operational stage?
Children in this stage crave adult attention and approval during play (specifically 4-year-olds).
What is initiative versus guilt?
For bonus points: How does play in the preschool years differ from the toddler years?
Play allows children to dispel their extra energy.
What is the surplus energy theory?
For bonus points: Compare the surplus energy theory to the energy renewal theory.
Influences on American work and play.
What are French and British?
For bonus points: What did Americans see as the benefits of play in the 18th and 19th centuries?
You see children engaging in play that puts them at risk for harm, makes someone else feel unhappy or scared, or reveals deeper psychological problems.
What is bad play?
For bonus points: Is ambiguous play bad play?
Functional play, constructive play, symbolic/fantasy play, and games with rules.
What are Piaget's stages of play?
For bonus points: How do games with rules vary based on cultural complexity?
This type of play is like parallel play with more sharing, communicating, and attending.
What is associative play?
For bonus points: List and describe Parten's other stages of play.
Theorists who believed play reduces anxiety by giving children a sense of power and control.
Sigmund & Anna Freud
For bonus points: How can children use play to gain control?
He valued structured play and founded the first kindergarten.
Who is Friedrich Froebel?
For bonus points: Compare Froebel's kindergarten to John Dewey's vision of kindergarten.
A child is engaging with these types of toys, such as blocks, clay, and props for fantasy play.
What are open-ended materials?
For bonus points: What skills/competencies do open-ended materials promote compared to closed-ended materials?