Psychoanalytic
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as ________ is to topographical theory.
a. Child, Adult, Parent
b. abreaction, catharsis, introspection
c. ego ideal
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious
Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as
a. instrumental learning
b. classical conditioning
c. cognitive learning
d. learning via insight
a. instrumental learning
Viktor Frankl is the father of logotherapy, which is based on existentialism. Logotherapy means
a. healing through meaning
b. healing through the unconscious
c. logic cures
d. all of the above
a. healing through meaning
William Glasser is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis is to ________.
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of
a. Perls and Berne
b. Ellis and Harper
c. Prochaska
d. Carkhuff and Gazda
d. Carkhuff and Gazda
___________ emphasized the drive for superiority.
a. Jung
b. Adler
c. Constructivist therapists
d. Freud and Jung
b. Adler
The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the ______, based on the number of responses and the _______, based on the time elapsed.
a. ratio; interval
b. interval; ratio
c. continuous; ratio
d. interval; continuous
a. ratio; interval
Existential counselors as well as Rogerian person-centered counselors adhere to what Martin Buber called the I-Thou relationship, which asserts that
a. the counselor is seen as a highly trained expert with answers
b. the relationship is vertical
c. the relationship is horizontal
d. empathy is not necessary
c. the relationship is horizontal
Although cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, Beck insisted that
a. dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational
b. Socratic questioning did not help clients challenge unrealistic thought patterns
c. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in cases of phobia
d. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in cases of anxiety
a. dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational
Solution-oriented therapy focuses primarily on
a. the past
b. the present
c. the future
d. dream analysis
c. the future
C.J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as ________ and women to deny their masculine side known as ________.
a. Eros; Logos
b. animus; anima
c. anima; animus
d. Logos, Eros
c. anima; animus
Wolpe's systematic desensitization consists of these orderly steps:
a. autogenic training, desensitization in the imagination, and construction of the hierarchy
b. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, in vivo desensitization, and desensitization in imagination
c. relaxation training, desensitization in imagination, and construction of hierarchy
d. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization
d. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization
Name two theories/theorists that fall under humanistic.
May, Yalom - existential
Frankl - logotherapy
Rogers - Person-centered
Perls - Gestalt
Transactional Analysis (TA) is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions
a. occur where vectors of communication run parallel
b. are known as crossed transactions
c. are between the Child and Adult ego states
d. are empathetic
a. occur where vectors of communication run parallel
Name two theories/theorists that fall under the contemporary counseling school of thought.
de Shazer and Kim Berg - SFBT
White - narrative
Gilligan - feminist
Sue & Sue - multicultural, Racial and Cultural Identity Development theory
Name three theories/theorists that fall under the psychoanalytic counseling school of thought.
Freud - psychoanalytic
Mahler - object relations
Jung - analytical psychology
Adler - individual therapy
What is the difference between punishment and reinforcement?
Punishment decreases the probability that a behavior will occur. Reinforcement increases the probability that a behavior will occur.
According to Rogers, what are the three key factors that are needed for effective helping and for client change to occur?
genuineness, unconditional positive regard, empathetic understanding
Name three theories/theorists that fall under pragmatic.
Glasser - reality
Beck - cognitive therapy
Ellis - Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)
Berne - Transactional Analysis
Feminist therapy criticizes traditional therapies, in part, because they are androcentric. What does androcentric mean?
They use male views to analyze the personality.
According to Freud, ego defense mechanisms serve to minimize anxiety and to protect the self. Name and define 5 of them.
Rationalization - interprets thoughts/feelings in a positive manner
Compensation - develop a positive trait to make up for limitations
Repression - withholding memories, not by choice
Projection - projecting yourself onto others negatively
Reaction formation - can’t accept impulse, behaves in opposite manner
Identification - identifying in a positive role to make up for inferiority
Introjection - accepting values of others as your own
Denial/suppression - failure to accept reality by choice
Sublimation - acts out unconscious impulse in socially acceptable way
Displacement - impulse unleashed at a different target
Sour Grapes rationalization - compensating for the negative, underrates a reward (positive or negative) to protect self from bruised ego (i.e., I didn’t really want it anyway)
Sweet Lemons rationalization - compensating for the positive, overrates a reward (i.e., I just love to sweat because it keeps my weight down)
What is the Premack principle?
When a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior.
Ex: Eat your veggies, then you can have dessert.
Existential theorists speak of phenomenology. What is it?
The client's internal personal experience of events.
What does ABCDE stand for in REBT?
A - activating event
B - belief system
C - emotional consequence
D - disputing the irrational belief
E - new emotional consequence
What are the five stages of Sue & Sue's Racial and Cultural Identity Development Theory?
1. conformity
2. dissonance
3. resistance and immersion
4. introspection
5. integrative awareness