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Entropy
100
An eclectic psychotherapist is one who A) takes a nondirective approach in helping clients solve their problems. B) views psychological disorders as usually stemming from one cause, such as a biological abnormality. C) uses one particular technique, such as psychoanalysis or counterconditioning, in treating disorders. D) uses a variety of techniques, depending on the client and the problem.
D) uses a variety of techniques, depending on the client and the problem.
100
During a session with his psychoanalyst, Jamal hesitates while describing a highly embarrassing thought. In the psychoanalytic framework, this is an example of A) transference. B) insight. C) mental repression. D) resistance.
D) resistance.
100
Carl Rogers was a ________ therapist who was the creator of ________. A) behavior; systematic desensitization C) humanistic; client-centered therapy B) psychoanalytic; insight therapy D) cognitive; cognitive therapy for depression
C) humanistic; client-centered therapy
100
Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of psychoanalysis? A) It emphasizes the existence of repressed memories. B) It provides interpretations that are hard to disprove. C) It is generally a very expensive process. D) It gives therapists too much control over patients.
D) It gives therapists too much control over patients.
100
In which of the following does the client learn to associate a relaxed state with a hierarchy of anxietyarousing situations? A) cognitive therapy C) counterconditioning B) aversive conditioning D) systematic desensitization
D) systematic desensitization
200
The technique in which a therapist echoes and restates what a person says in a nondirective manner is called A) active listening. C) systematic desensitization. B) free association. D) transference.
A) active listening.
200
Leota is startled when her therapist says that she needs to focus on eliminating her problem behavior rather than gaining insight into its underlying cause. Most likely, Leota has consulted a ________ therapist. A) behavior B) humanistic C) cognitive D) psychoanalytic
A) behavior
200
In his study of obedience, Stanley Milgram found that the majority of subjects A) refused to shock the learner even once. B) complied with the experiment until the “learner” first indicated pain. C) complied with the experiment until the “learner” began screaming in agony. D) complied with all the demands of the experiment.
D) complied with all the demands of the experiment.
200
One reason that aversive conditioning may only be temporarily effective is that A) for ethical reasons, therapists cannot use sufficiently intense unconditioned stimuli to sustain classical conditioning. B) patients are often unable to become sufficiently relaxed for conditioning to take place. C) patients know that outside the therapist's office they can engage in the undesirable behavior without fear of aversive consequences. D) most conditioned responses are elicited by many nonspecific stimuli and it is impossible to countercondition them all.
C) patients know that outside the therapist's office they can engage in the undesirable behavior without fear of aversive consequences.
200
Which of the following statements is true? A) Groups are almost never swayed by minority opinions. B) Group polarization is most likely to occur when group members frequently disagree with one another. C) Groupthink provides the consensus needed for effective decision making. D) A group that is like-minded will probably not change its opinions through discussion.
D) A group that is like-minded will probably not change its opinions through discussion.
300
The operant conditioning technique in which desired behaviors are rewarded with points or poker chips that can later be exchanged for various rewards is called A) counterconditioning. C) a token economy. B) systematic desensitization. D) exposure therapy.
C) a token economy.
300
A close friend who for years has suffered from wintertime depression is seeking your advice regarding the effectiveness of light-exposure therapy. What should you tell your friend? A) “Don't waste your time and money. It doesn't work.” B) “A more effective treatment for seasonal affective disorder is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.” C) “You'd be better off with a prescription for lithium.” D) “It might be worth a try. There is some evidence that morning light exposure produces relief.”
D) “It might be worth a try. There is some evidence that morning light exposure produces relief.”
300
Sigmund Fraud was a ________ therapist who was the creator of ________. A) behavior; systematic desensitization C) humanistic; client-centered therapy B) psychoanalytic; insight therapy D) cognitive; cognitive therapy for depression
B) psychoanalytic; insight therapy
300
The effectiveness of psychotherapy has been assessed both through clients' perspectives and through controlled research studies. What have such assessments found? A) Clients' perceptions and controlled studies alike strongly affirm the effectiveness of psychotherapy. B) Whereas clients' perceptions strongly affirm the effectiveness of psychotherapy, studies point to more modest results. C) Whereas studies strongly affirm the effectiveness of psychotherapy, many clients feel dissatisfied with their progress. D) Clients' perceptions and controlled studies alike paint a very mixed picture of the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
B) Whereas clients' perceptions strongly affirm the effectiveness of psychotherapy, studies point to more modest results.
300
Which of the following best describes how GRIT works? A) The fact that two sides in a conflict have great respect for the other's strengths prevents further escalation of the problem. B) The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts. C) The two sides agree to have their differences settled by a neutral, third-party mediator. D) The two sides engage in cooperation in those areas in which shared goals are possible.
B) The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts.
400
The phenomenon in which individuals lose their identity and relinquish normal restraints when they are part of a group is called A) groupthink. C) empathy. B) cognitive dissonance. D) deindividuation.
D) deindividuation.
400
After waiting in line for an hour to buy concert tickets, Teresa is told that the concert is sold out. In her anger she pounds her fist on the ticket counter, frightening the clerk. Teresa's behavior is best explained by A) evolutionary psychology. C) reward theory. B) deindividuation. D) the frustration-aggression principle.
D) the frustration-aggression principle.
400
Although Moniz won the Nobel prize for developing the lobotomy procedure, the technique is not widely used today because A) it produces a lethargic, immature personality. C) calming drugs became available in the 1950s. B) it is irreversible. D) of all of these reasons.
D) of all of these reasons.
400
Which of the following is true about aggression? A) It varies too much to be instinctive in humans. B) It is just one instinct among many. C) It is instinctive but shaped by learning. D) It is the most important human instinct.
A) It varies too much to be instinctive in humans.
400
Which of the following is NOT necessarily an advantage of group therapies over individual therapies? A) They tend to take less time for the therapist. B) They tend to cost less money for the client. C) They are more effective. D) They allow the client to test new behaviors in a social context.
C) They are more effective.
500
The belief that those who suffer deserve their fate is expressed in the A) just-world phenomenon. C) fundamental attribution error. B) phenomenon of ingroup bias. D) mirror-image perception principle.
A) just-world phenomenon.
500
Opening her mail, Joan discovers a romantic greeting card from her boyfriend. According to the twofactor theory, she is likely to feel the most intense romantic feelings if, prior to reading the card, she has just A) completed her daily run. B) finished reading a chapter in her psychology textbook. C) awakened from a nap. D) finished eating lunch.
A) completed her daily run.
500
Which of the following conclusions did Milgram derive from his studies of obedience? A) Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. B) Most people are able, under the proper circumstances, to suppress their natural aggressiveness. C) The need to be accepted by others is a powerful motivating force. D) He reached all of these conclusions.
A) Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process.
500
Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the text discussion of the roots of prejudice? A) people's tendency to overestimate the similarity of people within groups B) people's tendency to assume that exceptional, or especially memorable, individuals are unlike the majority of members of a group C) people's tendency to assume that the world is just and that people get what they deserve D) people's tendency to discriminate against those they view as “outsiders”
B) people's tendency to assume that exceptional, or especially memorable, individuals are unlike the majority of members of a group
500
Psychologists who advocate a ________ approach to mental health contend that many psychological disorders could be prevented by changing the disturbed individual's ________. A) biomedical; diet C) humanistic; feelings B) family; behavior D) preventive; environment
D) preventive; environment