Temperature and Kinetic Theory
This is the term for the energy an object has due to the motion of its particles.
What is thermal energy / internal kinetic energy?
This is the method of heat transfer that involves the movement of fluids (liquids or gases) due to differences in density.
What is convection?
In the First Law equation (ΔU = Q - W), the symbol "W" stands for this.
What is work done BY the system?
This law describes the relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas when pressure is held constant.
What is Charles's Law?
The Second Law of Thermodynamics explains why this type of energy is the most disorganized and difficult to completely convert into useful work.
What is thermal energy / heat?
True or False: A large iceberg at 0°C has more total thermal energy than a small cup of coffee at 90°C.
What is True? (The iceberg has vastly more particles, so even with low average KE, its total internal energy is greater.)
A metal rod with one end in a flame and the other end becoming too hot to touch is an example of this type of heat transfer.
What is conduction?
If a system expands and pushes against the atmosphere, it is doing this to the surroundings, and its internal energy will tend to do this as a result.
What is work, and decrease?
According to Gay-Lussac's Law, if the temperature of a gas in a rigid container is doubled (in Kelvin), the pressure will do this.
What is double?
When a box of gas molecules has a divider removed, the molecules spread out to fill the available space. The entropy of the system does this during that process.
What is increase?
If you could see the particles in a hot solid and a cold solid, the main difference you would observe is this about their vibration.
What is the particles in the hot solid vibrate faster / with greater amplitude?
The sun warming the Earth is an example of heat transfer by this method, which does not require a medium.
What is radiation?
When a system gains 50 J of heat and does 20 J of work on its surroundings, the change in its internal energy is this many Joules.
What is 30 J? (ΔU = 50 J - 20 J = 30 J)
A sample of gas has a volume of 2 L at a pressure of 3 atm. If the temperature is held constant and the pressure is reduced to 1 atm, this will be the new volume.
What is 6 L? (Boyle's Law: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂)
Melting an ice cube into a puddle of water is a process where the system's entropy does this because the water molecules become more disordered.
What is increase?
According to the kinetic molecular theory, gas particles are assumed to have no this force between them, except during collisions.
What is attractive force?
Two objects of different temperatures are placed in thermal contact and allowed to reach equilibrium. If Object X has a much higher specific heat capacity than Object Y, this is what can be said about their final temperature relative to the starting temperatures.
What is the final temperature will be closer to the initial temperature of Object X? (The object with the higher specific heat resists temperature change more.)
gas does 40 J of work on its surroundings. If its internal energy decreases by 10 J, this many Joules of heat were transferred (and state whether it was added or removed).
What is 30 J added? (ΔU = Q - W → -10 J = Q - 40 J → Q = 30 J. Positive Q means heat was added.)
According to Charles's Law, if a gas has a volume of 4 L at 200 K, and the temperature is increased to 400 K at constant pressure, the new volume will be this many Liters.
What is 8 L? (V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ → 4/200 = V₂/400 → V₂ = 8 L)
when the gas is compressed by the piston in an insulated container, the temperature increases. However, the entropy decreases because the gas molecules are now more ________.
What is ordered / confined / have less positional randomness?
When a gas is heated in a rigid container, the pressure increases because the particles are doing this to the walls more frequently and with more force.
What is colliding?
the distribution of heat energy among particles will tend to change over time to look more like this.
What is a broader, flatter curve? (Energy spreads out among particles.)
A system has 100 J of work done on it, and its internal energy increases by 100 J. This is the amount of heat that was transferred (in Joules).
What is 0 J? (Using ΔU = Q + W_on: 100 J = Q + 100 J → Q = 0 J)
A balloon has a volume of 3 L at 27°C. To use Charles's Law easily, you convert 27°C to this many Kelvin.
What is 300 K? (27 + 273 = 300 K)
A refrigerator moves heat from a cold space (inside) to a warm space (the kitchen). This does not violate the Second Law because the system is not isolated; it requires an input of this to make the process happen.
What is work / energy? (The Second Law allows for a decrease in entropy locally if there is a larger increase in entropy elsewhere, i.e., from the power plant generating the electricity.)