The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
What is cognition
100
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; contrasts with the usually speedier, but more error-prone, heuristics
What is an algorithm
100
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
What is language
100
beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
What is the babbling stage
100
behaviorist; believed that we can explain language development with familiar learning principles, such as association, imitation, and reinforcement
Who is B. F. Skinner
200
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
What is a concept
200
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but more error-prone than algorithms
What is a heuristic
200
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
What is a phoneme
200
the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
What is the one-word stage
200
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
What is linguistic determinism
300
a mental image or best example of a category; matching new items to it provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category
What is a prototype
300
a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
What is confirmation bias
300
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
What is a morpheme
300
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
What is the two-word stage?
300
language theorist, linguistic determinism (language affects thinking)
Who is Benjamin Whorf
400
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions
What is insight
400
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
What is fixation
400
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with an understand others
What is grammar
400
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--"go car"--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words
What is telegraphic speech
400
a founder of Gestalt Theory, his studies with apes led him to a view of problem solving as an active process of insight
Who is Wolfgang Kohler
500
the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments
What is overconfidence
500
a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
What is mental set
500
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
What are symantics
500
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
What is syntax
500
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, an impediment to problem solving