Muscles
Pec major and pec minor are BOTH innervated by this nerve
What is the median pectoral nerve (C8, T1)?
These two major anatomical landmarks sit behind the manubriosternal joint
What are the carina and the arch of the aorta?
These are the three major structures of the root of the lungs
What are the main bronchi (L/R), pulmonary veins, and pulmonary arteries?
The "sandy beach sign" is indicative of what
What is a normal finding on M-mode in the lungs?
These three heart structures are directly innervated by both SNS and PSNS fibers
What are the AV node, SA node, and coronary arteries?
*ANS branches dictate heart rate, coronary artery dilation/constriction, and contractile force
The action of the transversus thoracis muscle is...
What is weak depression of the ribs?
(pulls insertion (ribs 2-6) towards origin (inferior half of sternum))
This structure is a major site for cardiac tamponade after blunt force trauma or cardiothoracic surgery
What is the pericardial space?
The lung is supplied by two separate vascular pathways - what are they?
What is the cardiopulmonary circuit (pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins) - no nutritional function for lungs, solely for gas exchange
What is the nutritional circuit (bronchial arteries and veins) - provides oxygenated blood to lung parenchyma
What is the desired positioning for all cardiac POCUS views?
This major lymphatic plexus surrounds alveolar beds throughout the lung
What is the bronchopulmonary lymphatic plexus?
The intercostal neurovascular bundle runs between these two muscles
What are the internal intercostal muscles and the innermost intercostal muscles?
Runs in the fascial plane between the two
This left-sided heart structure is a common site for clot formation in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter
What is the left auricle/left atrial appendage?
These two structures make up the major gas-exchange surface of the lungs
What are the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs?
This side of the heart is primarily viewed in the parasternal short axis TTE window
RV, RA, RVOT, aorta, pulmonary veins and arteries, IV septum
These two POCUS signs would be present on a patient with a pneumothorax
What are the barcode sign (m-mode) and the lung point?
This is the common action of all the intercostal layers (external, internal, innermost)
What is elevation of the ribs?
**Internal and innermost also have some depressive function
This is the major difference between the atrioventricular (AV) and semilunar (SL) valves of the heart
What is chordea tendinae presence?
**Present in AV valves (MV and TCV), not present in SL valves (aortic/pulmonic)
These two segmental bronchi on the RIGHT lung differ in name from those on the left (all other segments are named the same)
Bonus: which are the two unique left segments?
Lateral segment
Medial segment
both from middle lobe; left counterparts are the superior lingular and inferior lingular
This structure is a good starting place to scan for a suspected pleural effusion
What is the liver?
Scan liver --> diaphragm --> lung tissue
These two arteries are responsible for blood supply to the breast
What are the lateral thoracic artery (lateral mammary branches) and internal thoracic artery (medial mammary branches)?
These are the four functions of pectoralis major
Hint: two are with both "parts" acting together, two are in isolation
What is:
Adduction and medial rotation of the arm (both parts acting together)
Flexion of the arm @ shoulder (clavicular part)
Extension of the arm @ shoulder from a flexed position (Sternocostal part)
This medical valve emergency can occur especially with right-sided/inferior myocardial infarctions
What is papillary muscle rupture?
Leads to sudden AV valve prolapse and acute-onset heart failure
More common in R side because the R papillary muscles only have a single blood supply (RCA) where the L have several coronary branch supplies
The pleural layers differ greatly in pain sensitivity - why?
parietal pleura is greatly sensitive to pain due to its innervation by intercostal layers
visceral pleura is relatively insensitive to pain due to the lack of somatic nociceptors in the pulmonary plexus - only sensitive to significant stretch, chemical irritation, and ischemia.
This feature is especially important on a phased array probe, due to its square shap
What is the orientation marker?
These nerve branches are responsible for the majority of chest wall sensory innervation
What are the anterior and posterior branches of the lateral cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerve (anterior ramus of thoracic spinal nerve)?
Try saying that five times fast