what is critical thinking?
what is critical thinking?
The intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and/or evaluating information gathered from observation, experience, reflection, or communication as a guide to belief or action.
-conscious thought processes
-mental energies are focused on reaching specific goals
setting a problem aside for a while that is giving you difficulty
Incubation
choosing the first possible option that meets their need for the individual without considering all possible options
satisficing
The Four types of Communication and Language
Natural language, Artificial Languages, Visual communication, and nonverbal communication
the study of basic sound units
-examines how basic sound units are put together to form words and how the intonation patterns of phrases and sentences are determined
-phoneme—> shortest speech unit in which a change produces an alteration in meaning
—> 1st phoneme between bat and cat
—> middle phone between bat and bit
Phonology
Goals of Critical thinking includes:
1)Problem solving
2)Decision making
3) Reasoning
Useful heuristics
may assist solving problems, but do not guarantee a solution
-forming subgoal
-thinking backwards
-searching for analogues
-redefining the problem
-focus on one key aspect of choice
-once that key aspect is identified all other options are eliminated
elimination by aspects
Natural language
a complex system for transmitting specific meanings through words
-there are two key components verbal comprehension and fluency
the study of word meaning
Semantics
There are two types of problems
III-structured problems & Well- structured problems
The task of making decisions involves evaluating various options and then selecting the most appropriate option from the alternatives
Decision Making
types of reasoning
inductive reasoning, inductive reasoner, deductive reasoning, and deductive reasoner
the ability to understand written or spoken language
verbal comprehension
the strict dictionary definition of a word
Denoation
well-structured problems
these problems lend themselves to both analysis and synthesis
-Ex) Area= length x width
-Bounded rationality
-Satisficing
-Elimination by aspects
Decision making strategies
he process of drawing conclusion from evidence
-two kinds of reasoning and reasoners
Reasoning
the ability to produce language
verbal fluency
a non explicit meaning of a word
-an idea or feeling that a word invokes other than its literal meaning
- "blue" indicates a color but can also be used to describe a feeling of sadness—> she's feeling blue
Connotation
two basic properties for solution which include
Algorithm and Heuristics
Algorithm
Direct problem-solving strategy
-Math problem--> algorithm of long division
Heuristics
-Indirect problem-solving strategy
Ex) drop a screw in carpet, you would search in the area closest to you.
-one cannot know everything
-rationalize within the boundaries or our knowledge
bounded rationality
-a person who analyzes problems in depth
-a person who can apply information and theoretical models to practical solutions
deductive reasoner
what are the four main areas that divided the study of language?
phonology, semantics, grammar, and pragmatics
-the study of sentence structure
- includes two key components (morphology and syntax)
grammar