Monarchs!
This political theory claimed that monarchs derived their authority directly from God, making them answerable only to Him.
Divine Right
This Polish astronomer revolutionized our understanding of the solar system by proposing the heliocentric model, which placed the Sun at the center.
Copernicus
Storming of the Bastille
1789
This czar is known for modernizing his country and establishing it as a major European power, even founding the city of St. Petersburg.
Russia
This economic theory, which dominated European policy from the 16th to the 18th century, emphasized the importance of a positive balance of trade and accumulation of wealth through gold and silver.
Mercantilism
This 1689 document limited the power of the English monarchy and outlined the rights of Parliament and citizens, ensuring that future monarchs could not rule without Parliament's consent.
English Bill of Rights
This philosopher argued in his 1651 work that humans, in their natural state, are selfish and need a strong, central authority to avoid chaos.
Reign of Terror
1793-1794
This 1805 naval battle saw this country decisively defeat the French and Spanish fleets, ensuring their control of the seas during the Napoleonic Wars.
British
What were two military conflicts that ultimately resulted in the French monarchy struggling economically
Seven Years' War and American Revolution
This Habsburg emperor is remembered for his enlightened reforms, including granting religious tolerance and abolishing serfdom.
Joseph II
This Scottish economist is best known for his work advocating for free-market capitalism and the "invisible hand" of the market.
Adam Smith
Battle of Waterloo
1815
The Arc de Triomphe, in Paris honors the French people and their victories, but it also commemorates the plight of the French people.
The monument's carvings depict scenes from French battles, including many against ________ , a traditional foe.
Germany
This policy, enacted by Napoleon, aimed to weaken Britain by cutting off its trade with continental Europe.
Continental System
This Russian empress is known for her efforts to modernize Russia, expanding its territory and reforming the legal system.
Catherine the Great
This French Enlightenment writer advocated for civil liberties, religious tolerance, and the separation of church and state.
Voltaire
The Battle of Trafalgar saw the British fleet decisively defeat the French and Spanish fleets, ensuring British control of the seas during the Napoleonic Wars.
1805
The Battle of Austerlitz, sometimes called the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of Napoleon’s greatest victories, defeating the _________ and _________armies.
Russian and Austrian
This economic doctrine advocates for minimal government interference in business and the economy, a principle closely associated with Adam Smith.
laissez-faire
This leader of the English Civil War and Lord Protector of the Commonwealth helped overthrow King Charles I and rule England as a republic for a time.
Oliver Cromwell
This British advocate for women's rights wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman," arguing for equal education and opportunities for women.
Wollstonecraft
Meeting of the Estates-General PRIOR to their meeting in 1789
1614
Frederick William known as the "Great Elector," laid the foundations for this countries emergence as a major European power in the late 17th century, expanding its military, centralizing authority, and reforming its economy.
Prussia
In July 1793, faced with an angry and hungry population, the leaders of the Committee of Public Safety passed the “Decree Against Profiteers.”
The law accused “profiteers” in the countryside of hoarding grain in order to raise the price of bread.
THIS became a capital crime
monopolizing grain or creating a monopoly