Methods
Name at least one enzyme used in the removal of cells
Lipases, thermolysin, galactosidase, nucleases, or trypsin
The process used to remove specific cells in order to isolate the ECM
What is decellularization?
The process where a tissue, after decellularization, is built back up with stem cells through cell differentiation
What is recellularization?
The finished product after decellularization has occurred used to hold the structure of the original tissue
What is the ECM scaffold?
What are the three main treatments in decellularization?
Physical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments
How are chemical methods different from mechanical methods?
They require more washes and are hard to wash off
What are two enzymes used to degrade the genetic contents after decellularization?
Endonucleases and exonucleases
What would happen if an organ or tissue was transplanted without being recellularized?
It would become a failed procedure and most likely kill the patient
A type of cell that will differentiate into the original type of tissue
What is a stem cell?
Why is peracetic acid considered a useless treatment in decellularization?
Instead of decellularizing the ECM scaffold, it infects it
Why does amniotic fluid outdated?
It is usually rejected by the immune system rendering it useless.
Name at least one main type of tissue used in decellularization
Cardiac, dermal, pulmonary, renal
A type of cells used to differentiate within the scaffold to develop into specific tissues
What is progenitor cells, or adult stem cells (ASCs)?
A liquid fraction used to promote growth and antibodies
What is FBS (fetal bovine serum)?
Name at least one chemical used in the removal and killing of cells
Acids, alkaline treatments, ionic detergents, non-ionic detergents, and zwitterionic detergents
Name at least one chemical used in cell decellularization
Triton x-100 or SDS
Why is the ECM scaffold so important?
It provides the necessary environment to facilitate the growth of progenitor and stem cells
What are the two main techniques of recellularization?
The vascular network and through direct cellular injection
A chemical ionic detergent used to lyse the ECM without significant damage
What is SDS?
A physical treatment used to electrically distrupt the plasma membrane in order to lyse the cells
What is NTIRE?
The scientific name for Triton x-100
What is t-octylphenoxyethanol?
Why is tissue decellularization so difficult?
You have to remove the cellular components from an organ, while simultaneously preserving the biochemical and biophysical properties of the ECM
In recellularization, why is it necessary to repopulate the vascular ECM network with endothelial cells?
It prevents the clotting of the vascular ECM which could lead to a loss of the neo-organ graft
A non-iotic detergent used to disrupt the interactions between lipids and between lipids and proteins, useful in keeping the ECM intact
What is Triton X-100?
In most physical decellularization using pressure, why is the tissue rapidly heated?
To prevent ice crystal formation that could damage the scaffolding