TKT

Grammar

100

Grammar helps us to combine, organise and change parts of words, whole words and groups of words to make meaning.

What is for?

200

How words are made up and presented in speech or writing. i.e.: change a words meaning by putting affixes

What is Grammar Forms?

300

How grammatical structures are used to communicate meaning. Many grammatical forms have more than one use!

What are grammaruses?

400

Grammar rules describe the way a language works, they are not fixed though, because language changes over time. Teachers need to keep up to date with these changes.

What are grammarrules?

500

Communication is the main purpose of language. Teach your students how to use the grammar they have learned

What is the main purpose of grammarlearning?

reading

100

Reading is a receptive (=receive) skill. This means you don’t produce a text but respond to it. Reading is also one of the four language skills.

What kind of skill is reading?

200

To be able to do this you need to: understand the language at the level of the words, the sentences and the whole text. You also need knowledge of the world to be able to make assumptions when the text isn’t clear

What do you need to make sense out of written text.

300

reading for specific information

What is scanning

400

reading for global understanding

What is Skimming (reading for gist)

500

intensive reading; getting the meaning out of every word

What is Reading for detail

Writing

100

This means you don’t receive language but you produce it. Writing in also one of the four language skills.

Why is Writing is a productive (=produce) skill.

200

Each type has a different degree of formality, different layout, different levels of complexity of grammar, register and vocabulary.

What are different text types?

300

spelling, forming letters, layout, vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, paragraphing… Communicating: style and register, organise ideas, appropriate features and appropriate functions (= narrating, complaining, requesting…)

What are writing sub skills?

400

1. Getting ideas 2. Planning/organising ideas 3. Writing the first draft (=first version) 4. Editing the content of the text 5. Proofreading 6. Re-drafting (=writing the final version)

What are are different stages of writing

500

Copying • Gap-filling • Sentence transformation exercises • Dividing texts into paragraphs • Putting punctuation into an unpunctuated text • Correct errors in texts

What are Helpful activities to learn how to write?

Listening

100

Listening is a receptive (=receive) skill. This means you don’t produce language but respond to it. Listening is also one of the four language skills.

What kind of skill is listening?

200

understanding different speeds of speech, understanding different accents, understanding spoken language, making sense of the meaningful sounds of a language, making sense of connected speech, using inappropriate listening sub skills, making use of context, making use of language, making use of our knowledge of the world.

What does Listening involve?

300

1• Conversation 2• Instructions

Which are the two different text types in spoken language?

400

• Listen for gist/global understanding • Specific information • Detail • Infer attitude • Listening extensively • Listen intensively

What are Listening sub skills?

500

Key concepts and the language-teaching classroom • Give learners the opportunity to listen to many sources of spoken language: teacher, visitors, CD, DVD… • Listening to recordings is more difficult than live-speakers because you don’t have the body language or the opportunity to clarify. • Pre-teach key words, set pre-listening tasks, play the record several times • Authentic texts allow learners to develop strategies for dealing with the challenge of real language, while simplified texts allow them to build up their confidence. • Tasks such as completing tables, true/false, ticking correct answers in lists allow learners to show what they have understood without needing to use much language. • Sometime s you need to let them listen in a relaxed way! (story, song, explanation)

What are Key concepts for language-teaching in classroom?

Speaking

100

Speaking is a productive (=produce) skill. This means you don’t receive language but you produce it. Speaking is also one of the four language skills.

What kind of skill is speaking?

200

• Pronounce words • Use intonation • Monitor and correct ourselves • Answer questions • Greet people • Use an appropriate register • Ask for/give information • Use word and sentence stress • Paraphrase • Hesitate • Interrupt

What are things we do when we speak?

300

• Making use of grammar, vocabulary, functions, register • Using features of connected speech • Using body language • Using interactive strategies (=ways of keeping people interested) • Oral fluency (=little hesitation/repetition/self-correction)

What are speaking sub skills?

400

• Taking part in conversations • Discussions • Telephone calls • Giving presentations • Telling stories

Which text types are involved in speaking skills?

500

• Focus on different, specific parts of speaking: fluency, pronunciation, register, grammatical accuracy, body language, interactive strategies… à You can teach this parallel to the first language • Controlled practice activities: drills, repetition, saying things learnt by heart. They focus on accuracy in speaking. They can be motivating because the students know that what they are saying is right • Fluency activities: problem solving, information-gap activities, project work, discussions. Learners need to get their message across. • Pair and group work • focus on either fluency or accuracy • Young learners should be allowed a silent period so that they have time to listen to and process the language first.

What are the Key concepts in speakingfor the language-teaching in classroom?