Topic 3

Epidemiology

100

How many australian adults have T2DM

1 million

200

Which gender has a higher rate of T2DM 

Males slightly

300

How much higher is T2DM in the lowest socioeconomic areas vs the highest socioeconomic areas

around 2x

400

What percentage of deaths in australia were associated w diabetes in 2020

10.8%

500

Indigenous Australians are how many more times more likely to develop T2DM

3x

Risk Factors

100

What are 4 risk factors for type 2 diabetes that can be modified?

• Low levels of physical activity

• Being overweight (especially around the waist)

• Unhealthy eating habits

• Smoking

• High cholesterol levels

• High blood pressure

200

What are 4 risk factors for type 2 diabetes that cannot be changed?

• Age over 40 years (risk increase with age)

• Family history - have a parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes

• Having had gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy)

• Having PCOS

• Cardiovascular disease

300

What is the association between gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes? Does the risk of developing type 2 diabetes increase for the parent and/or the infant?

• Maternal BGLs usually decrease back to normal levels but there is an increased risk of developing T2 diabetes later on

• The infant also has an increased risk of developing T2 diabetes later on

400

List 4 ethnic populations that are at a relatively higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes

• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

• Pacific Islander people

• Maori people

• Asian people (including South Asia)

• North African people

• Southern European people

• Middle Eastern people

500

 List 3 drugs can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes

• Antipsychotics

• Corticosteroids

• Beta-blockers

• Statins

• Thiazide diuretics

Complications

100

Other than endocrine, name 4 systems that uncontrolled diabetes can affect directly or indirectly

1. CVS

2. Renal

3. Ophthalmological

4. CNS/PNS

5. MSK

6. Dental

7. Immune

200

Name the 3 common UTI causative organisms and explain why you might see UTIs in diabetes patients

1. E. Coli

2. Coagulase-negative streptococci

3. S. epidermidis

4. S. aureus

5. Enterococcus faecalis

6. Candida

7. Proteus mirabilis

8. Klebsiella

9. Enterobacter

10. P. aeruginosa

11. Serratia

300

Explain the mechanism of diabetes-related hypertension

1. Increased sugar in blood stream

2. Increased osmolarity and reabsorption of water, causes hypertension

3. Damage to kidneys

400

Explain DKA and name 1 life-threatening effect of this on the body

1. Body unable to use sugars

2. Body uses keto acids instead

3. Brain damage, seizures, stroke

4. Arrhythmia, AMI

5. Pulmonary oedema

500

Upon INSPECTION ONLY, what is one area of the body which is associated with diabetes, name 3 symptoms in this area and explain the mechanism

1. Legs

2. Oedema caused by hypovolemia

3. Muscle wasting caused by nerve damage

4. Poor wound healing due to bad circulation or infection