Early Africa & Ancient Civilizations
What do archaeologists call objects made by humans, such as tools or weapons?
Artifacts
Which empire became the largest in West Africa and ruled major learning and trade centers like Timbuktu?
Songhai Empire
What system of racial segregation in South Africa ended when Nelson Mandela became president in 1994?
Apartheid
What famous 3.2-million-year-old fossil discovered in Ethiopia showed that early humans walked upright?
Lucy, discovered by Donald Johanson
Which countries are generally recognized as the only African countries never formally colonized by European powers during the "Scramble for Africa" (roughly 1884–1914)?
Ethiopia and Liberia
What environmental problem occurs when fertile land gradually turns into desert, especially in the Sahel?
Desertification
What early kingdom south of Egypt became powerful by controlling trade along the Nile and was ruled by the “Black Pharaohs”?
Kush
Who was the Nigerian independence leader who became the country’s first president? (His image appears on Nigerian currency.)
Nnamdi Azikiwe
What disease caused by the HIV virus has heavily affected southern and eastern Africa and attacks the immune system?
AIDS (caused by HIV)