Toward Urbanization
What were perils of the city?
1) tenements and overcrowding
2) stink
3) dirty water/polluted air
4) street gangs
5) alcoholism
What was the primary cause for the spread of Jim Crow?
Northern liberals, Southern radicals, and paternalistic conservatives fade away and do not impose checks on racist extremism
What were tenets of the Republican party?
Use of federal government to produce material wealth and promote moral progress
Protect civil rights
High tariffs
Control was very weak in the South
Saw the government as a way to promote progress and civil control
What was the Pullman Strike?
Greatest depression prior to the Greatest Depression
Pullman Palace Car Company pulled wages by 20%
150 workers go on strike, shipping stopped from chicago to california
Grain and livestock couldn't reach market, factories shut down for lack of coal,
Paralyzes the western half of the US & ppl break out into riots
Pres Grover Cleveland sent fed troops to Chicago, where ppl were stoning, burning, and wrecking trains (~1400)
34 ppl killed
What were causes of expansion?
End of the frontier: future growth had to take place abroad
New markets for American farming and manufacturing products
U.S. caught up in a worldwide scramble for empire
Social Darwinism
Racism
Religion
Who were the "new immigrants"?
itlay, Austria, Greece, Russia
tended to be Jewish and Catholic
most were men between 15 and 40
unskilled laborers
settled along East coast
The Atlanta Compromise (1895)
Opened Tuskegee University
WANTED
Patience
Manuel training
Hard Work
What were tenets of the Democratic Party?
States rights
Decentralized government
The prior two gain support all around
Limited government
^In the south particularly
Reduce spending/tariffs
What did the League for the Protection of the Family argue for?
Argued for a mandate of compulsory education for children to get them out of factories and into classrooms
What happened during the Annexation of Hawaii?
Americans arrived their to transfer Christianity
Reciprocity Treaty
Allowed hawaiian sugar to enter the US tariff free
Economic boom to Hawaiian manufacturers
Bound Hawaiian monarchy to make no economic concessions to other powers
Hawaiian was losing much of its autonomy bc US government forced oversight
Made Hawaii an “american protectorate”
US established Pearl Harbor there
How did political machines stay in power?
1) appealing to immigrants
2) good political connections
ex: William Tweed
What was WEB DuBois vision for Black freedom?
The Souls of Black Folk (1903)
What were the Ocala Demands?
Sub-treasury system, free coinage of silver, end of tariff, graduated income tax, direct election of senators, tighter regulation of railroads
They want to mint gold from silver coins
Wanted direct elections, not ppl
State legislatures elected or selected their us senators
Progressive income tax
What were the changes in literature?
Push toward realism and naturalism
What reasons did Alfred Thayer Mahan posit in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) for the need for sea power?
Industrialist needed markets, provided vast amounts of agriculture and manufacture goods for which markets had to be found, surplus of marketing goods
Markets involved distant ports and merchant vessels needed to deliver the goods, navy must protect merchant vessels
Merchants need coaling stations and repair yards, these need colonies, colonies need navy
Nutshell: in worldwide race for power, us had to develop strong navy for competition with europe and reach asia
1) Churches
2) School
What was Jane Addams goal with Hull Houses?
Reformers who would live with the poor in order to make real change on a person on person base. Eradicate poverty via eduaction.
What were causes of Populism?
Worldwide phenomenon
Tremendous amount of poverty
What issue was most important during the Election of 1896?
Gold & silver dominated the pressing matters of the time
Silver dominates the South and the West
REFLECTED RURAL VALUES
What were consequences of the Spanish-American War?
Created american empire
Us got involved deep in Pacific and other locations
US recognized as a world power
Responsibility of empire and protection
Strengthened office of the presidency and us long standing belief of superiority of new world over the old world
What were the social & cultural changes from 1877-1900?
1) urbanization
2) 33 yr old life expectancy
3) victorian morality
4) reforms like Mugwumps & WCTU
What were causes for the spread of Jim Crow?
North and South attempting political reconciliation following the Civil War
American governing of “inferior” people overseas vindicates Southern treatment of blacks
Academic literature reinforces white supremacy
Disenfranchisement
What was the Farmers Alliance & Colored Farmers’ National Alliance?
Organization that would eventually found the peoples party
Southern alliance
Quickly spread across the south
Had more than 1M members & published newspapers and lectures which spoke to 2B farm families
Most massive organization by any citizen institution in the 19th century
Colored Farmers’ National Alliance
Loosely associated to the southern farmers alliance
Collected black farmers
Lots of the black farmers were sharecroppers
Who was William Jennings Bryan?
William Jennings Bryan was the loudest and proudest silverite and ran the democratic convention
FIRST PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE TO GO OUT AND MEET THE VOTERS
WJB in a very real way creates the modern political candidate
What was the MAIN CAUSE of the Spanish-American War?
THE MAINE EXPLOSION
yellow journalism was only a minor cause, not the main one