The Middle Ages
& the Modern Era
& the Modern Era
This empire conquered the Eastern Roman Empire in 1453, ending the Middle Ages.
The Ottoman Empire
In 1492, this navigator reached the Americas while trying to find a westward route to Asia.
Christopher Colombus
The Spanish conquistadors that defeated the Mexica (Aztec) and Inca empires.
Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro
This German monk started the Reformation in 1517.
Martin Luther
This French king, known as the “Sun King,” is the best example of absolutism.
Louis XIV.
This city’s fall symbolically marked the transition between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age.
Constantinople
This Portuguese explorer opened the sea route to India by sailing around Africa.
Vasco da Gama
This system forced Indigenous peoples to work for Spanish colonizers, similar to feudal labor.
Encomienda.
The Reformation criticized this Church practice, which sold forgiveness for money.
Indulgences
This doctrine justified rulers’ absolute power by claiming they received authority directly from God.
The Divine Right of Kings.
This was the last Byzantine emperor who died defending his city.
Constantine XI
The global transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds is known as:
The Columbian Exchange
This transatlantic system became one of the most inhumane consequences of colonial expansion.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
This invention allowed Luther’s ideas to spread rapidly across Europe.
The printing press (Imprenta)
This economic policy sought to maximize exports and accumulate gold and silver for the state.
Mercantilism.
These two Italian city-states dominated the Mediterranean trade before the Ottoman expansion.
Venice and Genoa
These were the first two European kingdoms to build large overseas colonial empires.
Spain and Portugal
Two reasons that caused a catastrophic demographic effect on Native populations in the Americas.
Genocide - Deseases
Luther’s act of posting this document sparked a religious revolution.
The 95 theses.
Mercantilist nations used these territories as sources of raw materials and markets for manufactured goods:
Colonies.
This new military technology helped the Ottomans break the legendary walls of Constantinople.
Cannons/Artillery
The name Spain gave to the first island Columbus landed on in 1492.
San Salvador, in the Bahamas.
olonialism greatly increased global trade and helped strengthen this rising social class in Europe:
The bourgeoisie
What was Luther's greatest defiance against the Church power over people?
Translating the Bible from Latin to German.
This powerful British company became a major player in global trade during mercantilism.
East India Trading Company.