Albuterol
Lily toxicity
THC
Macadamia nuts
Hops
100

what is the route of decontamination?

none, route of transmission is orally and occurs to quickly for decontamination

100

what species has lily toxicosis been reported in? 

cats, meerkats

100

what are 3 treatment options for THC toxicosis? 

cerenia, SQF,
IVF

methocarbamol, benzos

100

what species are macadamia nuts toxic to? 

dogs

100

what species are prone to hop toxicosis? 

dogs

200

how quickly can clinical signs develop and last ?

minutes, persist 24-72 hours

200

what portion of the lily plants are toxic? 

stem, pollen, water

Flowers contain highest amount of toxin

200

is THC fat or water soluble? 

FAT

200

what parts of macadamia nuts are toxic? 

kernel, butter 

NOT oil 

200

how early do clinical signs develop and how long is most common recovery? 

30-60 minutes (up to 12 hours) and most recover in 12-24 hours

300

name 4 clinical signs associated with albuterol toxicity?

Tachycardia, low/high BP, increased RR, tremors, vomiting, hyperactivity, arrhythmias, lethargy, weakness

300

name 3 possible markers noted on initial database that may indicate lily toxicity? 

- azotemia: Cr > BUN. (AKI due to necrosis of proximal renal tubular epithelial cells)

- UA: isosthenuria, glucosuria

- hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia secondary to AKI

300

name at least 3 possible routes of exposure?  

edibles, joints, vape pens, human feces (grosss), plants...

THC concentration varies: 90% in oil/wax - even if smoked or vaped, as compared to plants which is 20%

300

name at least 3 clinical signs associated with macadamia nut toxicosis? 

weakness, lethargy, ataxia, HYPERTHERMIA

hind limb paresis, lateral recumbency

vomiting, tremors, joint swelling

300

what is a possible sequelae of hop toxicosis? 

myoglobinuria due to elevated creatinine kinase, azotemia secondary to myoglobinuria 

400

what 2 electrolyte derangements are most commonly seen with albuterol toxicity and do they require correction? 

transient hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia via an unknown mechanism, although both of these are due to intracellular shifts of these ions rather than overall depletion.

400

what is a clinical sign that prognosis is guarded or poor rather than good despite treatment? 

- uremia, anuria, oliguria

400

how sensitive are urine drug tests for THC? 

< 50%
- most sensitive if THC concentration is > 50ng/mL (high)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8366259/

400

how long do clinical signs last? 

start 3-6 hours after ingestion, can last 24-48

400

what is best acute general treatment? 

decontamination (emesis < 60 min), enemas, AC, fluids, IVF (decreased AKI), external cooling, methocarb, diazepam, dantrolene (cyproheptadine)

500

what is the mechanism of action associated with albuterol toxicity?

β2-adrenergic receptor agonist to provide bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscles in the bronchi

500

name 3 recommended treatments for acute toxicosis? 

-decontamination (emesis, AC) 

-IVF (48-72 hrs)

-GI support

-hyperkalemia treatment (Ca gluconate, insulin/glucose)

-benzos for seizures

-pain relief

500

name the 5 most common clinical signs on presentation? 

ataxia, lethargy, mydriatic pupils, inappropriate urination, hyperesthesia

Other: brady/tachycardia, brady/tachypnea, seizures, tremors 

500

name treatments for macadamia nut toxicosis and prognosis. 

supportive care- patients recover in 24-48 hours. Excellent prognosis, no known fatalities  

500

what is the clinical presentation of hop toxicosis? 

malignant hyperthermia- like syndrome