Show:
Circulatory and Hematopoietic Systems
Liver and GI Tract 1
Liver and GI Tract 2
Renal
Reproductive System
100
  • What agent has these toxic principles:-ergonovine -ergotamine -ergopeptines

Ergot

100

What organ has the first pass effect and maintains iron and copper homeostasis?

Liver

100

What are the toxic principles in mushroom toxicity?

Amatoxins and phallotoxins (they inhibit RNA polymerase)

100

What are these clinical signs of? Polydipsia, nausea/vomiting, lethargy, anorexia, weakness, dehydration, and polyuria/oliguria/anuria.

Acute renal injury and/or failure

100

Crooked calf disease can be characterized by cleft palate and limb and spinal contractures, what are some plants known to cause this?

Tobacco, poison hemlock, lupines

200

Trauma, such as chewing, to what type of plants results in a mixture of sulfur containing organic compounds such as sulfhemoglobin, that forms Heinz bodies?

Allium (garlic, onions, shallots)

200

Why do sick sheep seldomly survive?

Hepatotoxins cause copper toxicosis. Copper that is stored in the liver is released into the blood causing damage to RBCs/hemolysis, copper and hemoglobin causes renal damage.

200

What pathway do cats lack that makes them extra susceptible to Acetominophen toxicity?

UDP- Glurcuronosyl Transferase

200

What accounts for over 90% of acute renal failure cases?

Ischemia/reperfusion and nephrotoxicosis

200

What is clover disease and what species does it affect?

  • Associated with consumption of isoflavones in clover resulting in infertility and abnormal estrous cycles and structural and functional changes in the cervix.
  • Seen in sheep, and to a lesser extent, cattle.
300

What is the mechanism of action of Warfarin and what is the result?

Inhibition of the carboxylation of vitamin K dependent coagulation factors. Results in bleeding.

300

In oxalate toxicity, what are the sharp crystals that are ejected from chewing the leaves and stems called?

raphides

300

What are the effects that NSAIDs have on the body?

Analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory. Some shown to inhibit activation, aggregation, and adhesion of neutrophils and platelets and release of lysosomal enzymes.

300

What are the most and least susceptible species to ochratoxin toxicity?

  • Cattle are the least (thought to be resistant due to degradation within the rumen)
  • Pigs are the most sensitive
300

What is the major problem encountered with locoweed poisoning and what causes it?

Decreased fertility in cattle- toxic principle: swainsonine

400

Name one main “first generation” anticoagulant, one main “second generation” anticoagulant and one main “intermediate” anticoagulant.

  • First generation: warfarin (require multiple feedings to result in toxicity.)
  • Intermediate: diphacinone (require fewer feedings, thus more toxic to nontarget species)
  • Second generation: brodifacoum (highly toxic to nontarget species after a single feeding)
400

What plants have pyrrolizidine alkaloids in them and what signs does toxicity cause?

  • Crotalaria spp.- showy rattlebox
  • Senecio spp.- Tansy Ragwort
  • Acute intoxication causes acute liver failure, chronic intoxication causes photosensitivity, icterus, and increased susceptibility to other liver insults.
400

What are slaframine and swainsonine toxic principles of?

Mycotoxins that usually inhabit red clover- generally causes excess salivation especially in horses

400

What are ochratoxins produced by and what is the most toxic kind?

Aspergillus and Penicillium

Ochratoxin A is the most common and toxic

400

Pigs have an increased sensitivity to the mycotoxin Zearalenone, why?

Most likely related to the slow metabolism and enhanced enterohepatic recirculation of zearalenone that occurs in pigs.

500

What is the mechanism of action of ergot toxicity?

Acts agonistically at biogenic amine receptors

  • Alpha adrenergic
  • Serotonergic
  • Dopaminergic

Symptoms: convulsions, hallucinations, abortion, paralysis, GI disturbance, gangrene of extremities and death.

500

What is the toxic principle of Autumn Crocus (Crocus autumnale) and what is its MOA?

  • Colchicine (found mostly in corns and seeds)
  • MOA: interferes with spindle formation in normally dividing cells (mitosis)
  • Rapidly dividing cells such as epithelium are most affected
500

What are the toxic principles of Buttercup (Ranunculus spp.) and which one is a potent vesicant that irritates the mucous membranes of the GI system?

  • -ranunculin and protoanemonin
  • -protoanemonin irritates the MM of GI system
500

Name the three stages of ethylene glycol toxicity.

1. CNS phase: early (30 min to 12 hr)

CNS signs, vomiting, PU/PD (like alcohol intox)

2. Acidosis phase (from 8 hours on)

Vomiting, depression, anorexia, weakness, coma

3. Renal failure stage (24 hours on [sooner in cats])

Vomiting, anorexia, abd. pain, azotemia, anuria, crystalluria

500

Zearalenone is a estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium, what other toxins can you see in conjunction with it?

Vomitoxin or deoxynivalenol (DON)