Definitions
Reasoning
What is The act by which the mind acquires new knowledge by means of what it already knows
The three terms in a syllogism
(BONUS: and the letters that are used to label each term)
What are the major term, the minor term, and the middle term
BONUS: major - P, minor - S, and middle - M
Fallacy of Four Terms
What is A violation of rule 1, when there are more than 3 clearly distinguishable terms.
The three different classifications of Rules
What are terminological, quantitative, and qualitative?
State which rule is broken in the following syllogism:
All snow is cold.
Lansing has a long winter.
Therefore, Lansing is cold.
What is... I.There must be three and only three terms.
Antecedent
What is The acts of judgement (or the premises) that come before the conclusion in deductive inferences.
Principle of Reciprocal Identity
What is Two terms that are identical with a third term are identical to each other. If S=M and P=M, S=P
Fallacy of Illicit Major
What is A violation of rule 3, when the major term is distributed in the conclusion, but not in the major premise.
Explain WHY the three different classification of Rules are called what they are called (i.e. what do the names mean)
What is... terminological - relates to the terms, quantitative - relates to the quantity (universal/particular), quality - relates to the quality (affirmative/negative)
State which rule is broken in the following syllogism:
No race cars are blocks.
Some toys are race cars.
Therefore, some toys are blocks.
What is... VII. If either premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative.
Deductive Inference
What is The act by which the mind establishes a connection between the antecedent and the consequent.
Principle of Reciprocal Non-Identity
What is Two terms, one of which is identical with a third term and the other of which is non identical with that third term, are nonidentical to each other. If S=M and P≠M, S≠P
Fallacy of Illicit Minor
What is A violation of rule 3, when the minor term is distributed in the conclusion, but not in the minor premise.
Rules 1 & 2
What is...
I.There must be three and only three terms.
II. The middle term must not occur in the conclusion.
State which rule is broken in the following syllogism:
No cats are cute.
No dogs are cats.
Therefore, no dogs are cute.
What is... V. No conclusion can follow from two negative premises.
Syllogism
What is A group of propositions in orderly sequence, where the conclusion is necessarily inferred from the premises.
Dictum de Omni
What is...What is affirmed universally of a certain term is affirmed of every term that comes under that term.
Fallacy of Equivocation
A violation of rule 1, when there is an ambiguous term.
Rules 3 & 4
What is...
III. If a term is distributed in the conclusion, then it must be distributed in the premises.
IV. The middle term must be distributed at least once.
State which rule is broken in the following syllogism:
All sleds are fast.
Some snow vehicles are sleds.
Therefore, some snow vehicles are not fast.
What is... VI. If the two premises are affirmative, the conclusion must also be affirmative.
The Essential Law of Argumentation
What is If the antecedent is true, the consequent must also be true.
Dictum de Nullo
What is...What is denied universally of a certain term is denied of every term that comes under that term.
What is a fallacy?
Rules 5, 6, & 7
What is...
V. No conclusion can follow from two negative premises.
VI. If the two premises are affirmative, the conclusion must also be affirmative.
VII. If either premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative.
State which rule is broken in the following syllogism:
No cats are chihuahuas.
All chihuahuas are dogs.
Therefore, no dogs are cats.
BONUS: state whether each term is distributed or undistributed
What is... Rule III: If a term is distributed in the conclusion, then it must be distributed in the premises.
BONUS:
No cats (distributed) are chihuahuas (distributed).
All chihuahuas (distributed) are dogs (undistributed).
Therefore, no dogs (distributed) are cats (distributed).