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What is the main topic of the passage?
Traffic congestion in cities — its causes, effects, and solutions.
Why is traffic congestion a serious problem in cities worldwide?
There are too many vehicles competing for too little space.
Which company does research on traffic in cities?
TomTom (a company that researches city traffic).
How many hours did the average commuter spend in traffic during the evening rush hour in 2015, according to TomTom?
100 hours during the evening rush hour (in 2015).
Name one negative effect of traffic jams mentioned in the text.
Wastes people’s time (also causes stress, pollution, etc.).
What kind of problems can traffic jams cause for drivers?
Stress, health problems, or road rage.
What is one negative effect of traffic congestion on the environment?
Produces more carbon dioxide and contributes to the greenhouse effect.
What kind of fuel-related problem does traffic congestion cause?
Congestion wastes fuel and increases air pollution.
What do governments try to do to solve the problem of traffic congestion?
They are working hard to find solutions to reduce congestion.
According to the passage, what happens if the cost of fuel is increased too much?
People may not afford to drive, might lose their jobs, and voters dislike high taxes.
Why might building more roads actually increase traffic instead of reducing it?
More roads = more traffic: Building more roads can attract more drivers, which increases traffic again.
What is the disadvantage of engineering solutions like tunnels and bridges?
Extremely high costs and possible increase in traffic.
What are the economic consequences of traffic congestion for businesses?
Delays cause financial losses because goods and people can’t arrive on time.
How can traffic congestion affect emergency services?
Ambulances and emergency vehicles can be delayed, risking lives.
Why are taxes on fuel or motoring unpopular with voters?
They make driving expensive, so people may lose jobs or complain to the government.
What are the benefits of promoting alternative forms of transport such as ferries, cycling, and underground trains?
Reduces cars on the road, lowers pollution, saves energy, and improves health.
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of engineering solutions to traffic congestion.
Advantages: More roads and tunnels help traffic flow better.Disadvantages: Very expensive and may increase traffic over time.
Why do many buses not run at night according to the text?
Many buses don’t run at night, so people working late can’t use them.
What is one disadvantage of using bicycles as a transport solution?
It’s not practical for everyone, and cyclists may be in danger in heavy traffic.
What suggestion does the passage give to promote cycling?
Encourage people to cycle more because it’s healthy and doesn’t pollute.
What can citizens do (not just governments) to help reduce traffic congestion in cities?
Use public transport, carpool, cycle, walk, or avoid driving during rush hours.
In your opinion, which solution from the passage seems most practical and why?
Promoting cycling and public transport seems most practical because it helps both the environment and traffic levels without very high costs.
Why is it difficult for governments to find a single perfect solution to traffic problems?
Every solution has disadvantages — costs, practicality, or public opposition.
How can park-and-ride systems help reduce congestion in city centers?
Lets drivers park outside the city and use public transport to the center, reducing congestion.
Explain how government policies can both help and harm efforts to reduce traffic congestion.
Help: Taxes, public transport investment, or cycling promotion can reduce traffic.Harm: High costs or unpopular policies can make people angry or jobless.