Transformation of Revolutions
Provide an example of external pressures.
Withholding trade, sanctions, denying legitimacy, international coalitions etc.
Virtually all of the revolutions of the 20th century-Marxist-Leninist, Arab nationalist, Islamic fundamentalist, among others all shared this common element
Class element/a struggle between the “have” and the “have nots”
Who are the petit bourgeois?
A class group in Arab states that took over the traditional bourgeois that was stronger and had more money than the proletariat and peasantry.
Ayatollah Khomeini’s populist rhetoric that he used to rally support for the Islamic Revolution was against who?
the propertied middle class
At the time of writing (2000), which post-revolutionary states had a successor leader while not undergoing embourgeoisiement
North Korea, Belarus
Why don’t revolutionary states opt out of the international order?
It endangers regime survival
Laroui cites longstanding US foreign policy towards which country as being permanently hostile and thus, counterproductive?
Iran
How does Laroui differ from Marx when it came to the Arab nationalist revolutions?
Laroui felt that the proletariat and peasantry were too weak to go against the bourgeois.
What does Katz mean by the “Embourgoisement” of regimes/revolutions?
When a regime/revolution takes characteristics of the bourgeoisie they sought to dismantle AND/OR when the revolutionary vanguard becomes increasingly bureaucratic and/or conciliatory to the ‘West.’
Which country did Laroui describe as undergoing a "premature overthrow of the bourgeois state"?
Egypt
This term describes the process by which revolutionary regimes lose their radical edge and begin to resemble status quo powers.
What is Embourgeoisement?
According to Laroui and Katz construe the embourgeoisement of revolutionary regimes as a primary result of _________________
Internal Political Revolution
How did the petit bourgeois mix modernization and traditionalism?
They brought in modern technology like weaponry while keeping an authoritarian government that did not allow Western ideals or modernization.
Why did the embourgeoisement of Eastern Europe happen so rapidly after the collapse of the Soviet Union?
Because their marxist-leninist past was not indigenous (imposed by the Soviets)
What year did China’s Communist revolution come to power?
1949
What country is cited as an example of ‘embourgeoisement due to its gradual economic reforms?
Cuba
In which three countries did revolutionary groups consolidate power?
Iran, Sudan, Afghanistan
What was the new group of people who came from the new regime and what did they do?
The bureaucratic elite, and they brought a new age of embourgeoisement to Arab states.
Which Soviet Leader represented the culmination of embourgeoisement within Russian Society?
Mikhail Gorbachev
What was Katz’s opinion on how revolutionary states come to power?
Internal pressures
What metaphor best captures Armstrong’s view of revolutionary states evolving over time?
Rebels turn diplomatic
Armstrong articulates that revolutionary regime adapt to the established international system primarily due to __________
the external constraints imposed by the international system
Does Laroui think that a traditional monarch or Bonaparte style bourgeois revolution would be more successful in creating a new bourgeois state?
Traditional monarchy
In the text, Katz refers to the three primary agents of a revolution (proletariat/peasantry/bourgeoisie) as the “Polar classes.” What does he label the OTHER group of individuals that participate in revolution (i.e.: educated yet poor professionals and “petty bourgeosie”)?
Intermediate Classes
What was Armstrong’s position on how revolutionary states come to power?
External Powers