Crusades
Positive effects of the Crusades
Stimulated trade
Europe learn from the Muslims
Serfs found new opportunities
period of great wealth, prosperity, stability, and cultural and scientific achievement
A set of propositions and questions on indulgences written by Martin Luther
The belief that one’s authority to rule comes directly from God.
Negative effect of the Crusades
Weakened the Byzantine Empire, the Pope and nobles
Kings become stronger
Leaves a legacy of bitterness between the Christians, Jews and the Muslims
was a German theologian and religious reformer who is credited for sparking the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century.
form of government where one person has absolute control
Religious convictions
Forgiveness of sins
Serfs were freed
Taxes paid by Church and debt cancelled
Gain personal wealth
Adventure
People fled the cities abandoning family & friends
Funerals became superficial or nonexistent
Prayer vs. “Eat, drink, and be merry”
Life expectancy decreased
⅓ people= dead
Certain professions= higher mortality rates
Faith in religion decreased
Population loss impacted recovery, particularly in rural areas
a new process called the scientific method which emphasized the importance of experimentation, observation, evidence, and working with other scientists to confirm their results.
the Catholic Church’s response to the challenge of its authority during the Protestant Reformation. There were two main goals of the Counter Reformation. The first goal was to strengthen the Catholic Church’s political and religious authority at a time where they felt threatened by the new ideas of the Protestant Reformation. The second goal was to prevent people from joining non-Catholic churches like the Lutherans and Calvinists.
The Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles is considered one of the grandest representations of absolutism. Every detail of its construction was designed to glorify the king.
Economic short/longterm effect of the Black Death.
Creditors could not collect debts due to debtors and family being dead
Construction stopped/abandoned
Guilds unable to replace craftsmen
Labor demands and wages offered increased
Entire economic system collapsed for a time
Financial business disrupted
Labor shortage
Higher paid peasants have new opportunities
The Scientific Revolution was a period of time from the 1500s through the 1700s in which scholars started to question their beliefs about the world and base their conclusions on observation and reason rather than spiritual belief or what organizations like the Catholic Church told them.
Indulgences
Indulgences were pieces of paper issued by the Catholic Church that forgave sins so a person’s soul could go to heaven instead of hell when they died. This implied that the rich could buy their way into heaven while the poor could not if they were unable to pay for indulgences.
adoption of western (European) ideas, culture, practices
Political short/longterm effect of the Black Death.
Feudal Lords have to re-think farm and labor systems due to labor shortages
Lords rent/sold land to peasants
Lords lose power over peasants
End of feudalism
The Renaissance was a golden age in Europe where Roman & Greek achievements re-discovered from Ottoman Empire (Muslim) scholars influenced European artists, scientists and scholars.
The Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century religious, political, intellectual, and cultural revolution that sought to change or remake the Catholic Church. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin protested and challenged Church authority.
Peter- total control, forced them to Westernize (clothing, language, customs, behavior, education), forced them to move to St. Petersburg