Creating the protein chain
ribosomes are ribonucleoprotein complexes made of what
proteins and rRNA
what scientist(s) preformed the experiment that provided the first clue to the genetic code of amino acids?
Nirenberg and Matthaei
what is the structure of a tRNA
Cloverleaf
IF-3 and IF 1
what modification of eukaryotic mRNA describes the addition of a 7-methyguanine nucleotide + other CH3 groups
5' cap structure
what ends are joined together in the linkage of amino acids
N-terminal and C-terminal
How many sense and non-sense codons are there
sense: 61 codons for 20 AA
non-sense: 3 stop
what is the wobble effect
the change of a nucleotide in the 3rd position tRNA can recognize as the same codon
what is happens to GTP during the process of initiation
GTP hydrolyzes to GDP
what is the purpose of the poly A tail 3' end
Increases attachment of ribosomes
what bond is created to link amino acids
peptide bond
what is a synonymous mutation
what is a non-synonymous mutation
Non-synonymous: change in nucleotide results in different amino acid
what is the 4 stages pf protein synthesis
1. tRNA charging
2. Initiation
3. Elongation
4. Termination
What consensus sequence positions the ribosome to start translation at the correct AUG
Shine-Dalgarno sequence
Proteins that attach to the poly A tail interact with what proteins?
cap binding proteins
the primary structure folds to create a _____ structure, such as ______ and _____
secondary, alpha-helix, beta-sheets
___ AA with > 1 codon
___ AA with only 1 codon
18, 2
What is tRNA charging
the binding of the correct AA to the specific tRNA
tRNA charged with N-formylmethione forms a complex with _____ and ____
IF-2 and GTP
the cap binding proteins enhance the _____ of the ____ to the 5' end of the mRNA
Binding, ribosome
what structure level is not always created
Quaternary structure
How many reading frames are there
3
tRNA charging requires _____-tRNA and ____
Aminoacyl-tRNA and ATP
what is the last step of Initiation?
what complex is created?
the large sub-unit of the ribozomes join and creates a 705 initiation complex
what consensus sequence helps determine the correct AUG
Kozak