Exploration & Technology
This type of ship allowed Europeans to sail more efficiently across oceans
What is the Caravel
This was the exchange of plants, animals, people, and disease between hemispheres
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This system focused on a country exporting more than it imports.
What is mercantilism?
This forced journey transported enslaved Africans to the Americas
What is the Middle Passage?
This term means the spread of ideas and culture between societies.
What is cultural diffusion?
This device helped sailors determine latitude using the stars.
What is the Astrolabe?
This disease killed a large percentage of Indigenous populations.
What is smallpox?
These companies allowed investors to pool money to fund exploration.
What are joint-stock companies?
This system of labor forced Indigenous people to work under Spanish control.
What is the encomienda system?
This system shows how goods moved between continents in the Atlantic world.
What is the Atlantic system?
This invention improved directional navigation at sea
What is the magnetic compass
This animal dramatically changed transportation and warfare in the Americas.
What are horses?
This economic system is based on private ownership and profit.
What is capitalism?
These workers signed contracts to work for a set number of years in exchange for passage.
What are indentured servants?
This global shift marked the blending of Old World and New World ecosystems.
What is environmental change or ecological exchange?
These 3 motivations drove European exploration: God, Glory, and this.
What is Gold?
This crop from the Americas became a major cash crop in Europe and Africa.
What is sugar or tobacco?
This trade system connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
What is the triangular trade?
This type of slavery treated people as property for life.
What is chattel slavery?
This crop caused large-scale plantation farming and deforestation in the Americas.
What is sugar?
Explain why technological innovation was essential for transoceanic exploration.
It made long-distance ocean travel possible through improved navigation, ships, and mapping.
Explain two positive and two negative effects of the Columbian Exchange.
Positive: new foods, global trade. Negative: disease, Indigenous population loss, slavery expansion.
Explain how mercantilism benefited European powers but harmed colonies.
Colonies provided raw materials and wealth to Europe but were restricted from independent trade and economic growth.
Compare forced migration and voluntary migration during this era.
Forced migration included enslaved Africans and Indigenous labor systems; voluntary migration included settlers and indentured servants seeking opportunity.
Explain one major long-term environmental consequence of the Columbian Exchange.
Loss of biodiversity, deforestation, spread of invasive species, and permanent ecosystem change.